{"title":"Measurement of Microclimate within Clothing Using the Combination Technique of Infrared Ray Absorption Method And Holographic Interferometry","authors":"T. Ninagawa","doi":"10.2174/1874183501205010054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874183501205010054","url":null,"abstract":"The wear comfort depends on the condition of micro-space between cloth and skin of human body. Heat and mass transfer occurs through clothing due to heat and sweat evaporation release from human body in this space. This paper applied a new measurement technique that combines infrared ray absorption method and holographic interferometry to this space to obtain the transient temperature and concentration distributions without and within cloth. The porous films with known specification were used for cloth to verify the usefulness of this technique. The measuring results were visualized by superimposing infrared ray image and interferogram to understand easily the passing behaviors of vapor through cloth. The calculated results of temperature and concentration distributions showed some significant differences in the permeation behaviors of vapor due to film. They fundamentally agreed with the property of film. As a result, this measurement technique was proved to be useful for microclimate within and without clothing.","PeriodicalId":433305,"journal":{"name":"The Open Applied Physics Journal","volume":"96 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128924641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Convergence Estimates for a Linear Backward Euler Scheme for the Saturation Equation","authors":"Koffi B. Fadimba","doi":"10.2174/1874183501205010041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874183501205010041","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous work, stability and consistency results were established for a linearized Euler scheme for the saturation equation. In this paper we continue the mathematical analysis of the scheme, in preparation for its numerical treatment in a future work. We use the regularity results, obtained previously, to establish error estimates in L 2 () for the linear scheme. This work is done with the degenerate nature of the saturation equation in mind, but it is also valid for the non degenerate case like the concentration equation. We show that, if the regularization parameter and the spatial discretization parameter h are carefully chosen in terms of the time stepping parameter t , the convergence is at least of order O((t) ) for some determined >0 . Examples of choices of and h are given. We also establish a new (at our knowledge) regularity result for the continuous Galerkin formulation of the Saturation Equation and a new regularity result for the linear scheme. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 35Q35, 65M06, 65M15, 65M60. 0)","PeriodicalId":433305,"journal":{"name":"The Open Applied Physics Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132946338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Timofeev, P. Helistö, L. Grönberg, A. Luukanen, H. Seppä, J. Hassel
{"title":"Suspended Tunnel Junction Bolometers For Terahertz Range","authors":"A. Timofeev, P. Helistö, L. Grönberg, A. Luukanen, H. Seppä, J. Hassel","doi":"10.2174/1874183501205010034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874183501205010034","url":null,"abstract":"Implementation of high resolution passive THz cameras operated at cryogenic temperatures of a few Kelvin benefits from a large number of pixels. At present, building a cryogenic multiplexed read-out circuit represents a challenging task. Here we propose and demonstrate broadband niobium-based tunnel junction bolometers operating in equilibrium regime at 4 K, and read out with a room temperature amplifier with feedback. The implemented scheme allows independent impedance matching for the THz antenna and for the readout. Electrical feedback in the readout scheme eliminates the need for magnetic fields to suppress the supercurrent of the junction. We present electrical and preliminary optical measurements of the detectors. We also analyze a possible scheme for time-domain multiplexing.","PeriodicalId":433305,"journal":{"name":"The Open Applied Physics Journal","volume":"29 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120896019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermal Mechanisms of Stable Macroscopic Penetration of Applied Currents in High Temperature Superconductors and their Instability Conditions","authors":"V. Romanovskii","doi":"10.2174/1874183501205010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874183501205010010","url":null,"abstract":"Macroscopic mechanisms of applied current penetration in high-T c superconductors are discussed to understand the basic physical trends, which are characteristic for the stable and unstable formation of the thermo-electrodynamics states of high-T c superconductors placed in DC external magnetic field. The performed analysis shows that the definition of the current stability conditions of high-T c superconductors must take into consideration the development of the interconnected thermal and electrodynamics states when the temperature of superconductor may stably rise before instability. As a result, the thermal degradation effect of the current-carrying capacity of superconductor exists. The boundary values of the electric field and the current above which the applied current is unstable are defined taking into account the size effect, cooling conditions, non-linear temperature dependences of the critical current density of superconductor. It is proved that the allowable stable values of electric field and current can be both below and above those determined by a priori chosen critical values of the electric field and current of the superconductor. The violation features of the stable current distribution in high-T c superconductors cooled by liquid coolant are studied. The necessary criteria allowing one to determine the influence of the properties of superconductor and coolant on the current instability onset are written.","PeriodicalId":433305,"journal":{"name":"The Open Applied Physics Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114207102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Schottky Barrier Parameters and Interfacial Reactions of Rapidly Annealed Au/Cu Bilayer Metal Scheme on N-type InP","authors":"V. Devi, I. Jyothi, V. Reddy, Chel-Jong Choi","doi":"10.2174/1874183501205010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874183501205010001","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of rapid thermal annealing effect on the electrical and structural properties of Au/Cu Schottky contacts on n-InP has been investigated by the current-voltage (I-V), capacitance-voltage (C-V), auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. As-deposited sample has a barrier height of 0.64 eV (I- V), 0.76 eV (C-V) which increases to 0.82 eV (I-V), 1.04 eV (C-V) after annealing at 400°C for 1min in nitrogen ambient. However, the barrier height decreases to 0.75 eV (I-V), 0.88 eV (C-V) after annealing at 600°C for 1min. Norde method is also employed to calculate the barrier heights of Au/Cu Schottky rectifiers and the values are 0.66 eV for as-deposited, 0.83 eV for 400°C and 0.76 eV for 600°C annealed contacts. These values are in good agreement with the values obtained from I-V method. From the above observations, it is clear that the Schottky barrier height increases with annealing temperatures up to 400°C. Thus, the optimum annealing temperature for the Au/Cu Schottky contact is 400 o C. Based on the AES and XRD results, the formation of indium phases at the Au/Cu/n-InP interface may be responsible for the increase in the barrier height for the contact annealed at 400°C and a corresponding decrease in leakage current. The decrease in the barrier height after annealing at 500 o C may be due to the formation of Cu-P and Au-P interfacial compounds at the interface. The AFM results showed that the surface morphology of Au/Cu Schottky contact is fairly smooth even after annealing at 500°C.","PeriodicalId":433305,"journal":{"name":"The Open Applied Physics Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125875229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microplasmas: A Review","authors":"A. Papadakis, S. Rossides, A. Metaxas","doi":"10.2174/1874183501104010045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874183501104010045","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a review on microplasma discharges is conducted. The different types and configurations used in microplasmas such as the Cathode Boundary Layer (CBL), Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD), Capillary Plasma Electrode Discharge (CPED), Inverted Square Pyramid (ISP), Square Cross Sectional Cavities (SCSC), Radio Frequency Inductively Coupled Discharge (RFIC), Radio Frequency Capacitive Coupled Discharge (RFCC), Micro-Hollow Cathode Discharge (MHCD), and microstrip technology (MS) discharges at different operating conditions are discussed. Numerical and experimental methods used for the analysis of the physics involved in these microplasmas, as well as the different construction methods used, are also described.","PeriodicalId":433305,"journal":{"name":"The Open Applied Physics Journal","volume":"392 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129183955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deposition and Characterizations of ZnO Thin Films on Al2O3 (0001) Substrates with III-Arsenide Intermediating Layers","authors":"H. Liu, S. Chua, G. Hu, H. Gong","doi":"10.2174/1874183501104010041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874183501104010041","url":null,"abstract":"ZnO thin films have been grown by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering on c-plane sapphire substrates with III-V (i.e., GaAs and InAs) intermediate layers. The intermediate layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Struc- tural and optical properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scatterings. The growth orientations of the ZnO/III-V/c-sapphire heterostructures were determined by off-axis XRD, i.e., x-ray pole-figure mapping. It is found that the crystalline quality of the III-V intermediate layers play an important role in the growth of ZnO. The 30-degree in- plane rotation that usually occurs in the growth of ZnO on a c-sapphire substrate is absent due to the insertion of III-V in- termediate layers. Raman scattering, together with the XRD, reveals the relaxation of the tensile strain in the GaAs interlayer after the ZnO thin film deposition, while the strain relaxation did not occur in the InAs interlayer. PACS: B1 ZnO, B2 semiconductors, A3 physical vapor deposition process.","PeriodicalId":433305,"journal":{"name":"The Open Applied Physics Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130997187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hideharu Matsuura, H. Yanagisawa, K. Nishino, Takunori Nojiri, Yoshiko Myojin, Y. Matsuyama, S. Onoda, T. Ohshima
{"title":"Reduction of Electron Concentration in Lightly N-Doped n-Type 4H-SiC Epilayers by 200 keV Electron Irradiation","authors":"Hideharu Matsuura, H. Yanagisawa, K. Nishino, Takunori Nojiri, Yoshiko Myojin, Y. Matsuyama, S. Onoda, T. Ohshima","doi":"10.2174/1874183501104010037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874183501104010037","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanism of the reduction in the electron concentration in lightly N-doped n-type 4H-SiC epilayers by 200 keV electron irradiation is investigated. From the temperature dependence of the electron concentration, ) (T n , in the epilayer before and after irradiation with fluences () of 16 10","PeriodicalId":433305,"journal":{"name":"The Open Applied Physics Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128964439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interface Modification for Tuning the Contact Resistance of Metal/ Organic Semiconductor Junctions","authors":"G. Horowitz","doi":"10.2174/1874183501104010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874183501104010002","url":null,"abstract":"As the performance of organic field-effect transistors improves, the limitation due to charge carrier injection at source and drain electrodes becomes crucial. This review describes the various solutions that have been developed to work around this issue. The most widespread method consists of interposing between the electrodes and the organic semi- conductor film a self-assembled monolayer made of an appropriate reactive molecule. In that case, the reduction of the contact resistance may come either from an improved morphology of the semiconductor film, or to a better energy level alignment at the interface with the electrode. The respective inference of both aspects is discussed. Alternative ways to re- duce the contact resistance by an appropriate surface treatment of the electrodes prior to the deposition of the semiconduc- tor are also presented.","PeriodicalId":433305,"journal":{"name":"The Open Applied Physics Journal","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116487961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metal-based Inkjet Inks for Printed Electronics","authors":"A. Kamyshny, J. Steinke, S. Magdassi","doi":"10.2174/1874183501104010019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874183501104010019","url":null,"abstract":"A review on applications of metal-based inkjet inks for printed electronics with a particular focus on inks con- taining metal nanoparticles, complexes and metallo-organic compounds. The review describes the preparation of such inks and obtaining conductive patterns by using various sintering methods: thermal, photonic, microwave, plasma, electri- cal, and chemically triggered. Various applications of metal-based inkjet inks (metallization of solar cell, RFID antennas, OLEDs, thin film transistors, electroluminescence devices) are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":433305,"journal":{"name":"The Open Applied Physics Journal","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124245084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}