{"title":"Regulatory Barriers to Lowering the Carbon Content of Energy Services","authors":"F. Wolak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1606930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1606930","url":null,"abstract":"Any “clean energy” initiative cannot be effective without prompt commercialization of new technologies that are funded by both the public and private sectors. All commercial activities are affected by the prevailing legal environment. The energy sector is unusually subject to multiple federal, state, and local regulations that affect both the development of new technologies and the pace at which they can be rolled out.At the request of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, one of the nation's leading energy economists, Frank Wolak of Stanford University, provides a useful inventory of regulatory barriers (primarily at the state level) that inhibit the commercialization of technologies that would lower the carbon content of energy services consumed in the United States. A preliminary list of regulatory barriers is given in this paper.","PeriodicalId":431314,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Regulation (Other) (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131360562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Competition in U.S. Petroleum Refining and Marketing: Part II - Review of the Economic Literature","authors":"Diana L. Moss","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1103611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1103611","url":null,"abstract":"This paper surveys the economic literature on competitive issues in domestic petroleum refining and marketing provides in order to provide some insight into the underlying causes of gasoline price dynamics. The survey examines the four major categories of economic literature: (1) the statistical significance of asymmetry between upstream and downstream petroleum prices; (2) causes of price asymmetry; (3) effects of forced deintegration through open supply and divorcement polices; and (4) price effects of mergers. The research generally indicates that asymmetry is statistically significant, but may be attributable to multiple causes such as consumer search costs, market power, and inventory adjustment costs. Divorcement and open supply policies tend to increase costs and prices, and petroleum mergers have, on balance, increased prices. Merger studies, in particular, have attracted criticism regarding the robustness of their results to differences in estimation technique and other parameters. Even with this caveat, the survey results are useful for addressing the merits of various policy proposals for dealing with competitive concerns and \"undesirable\" price dynamics.","PeriodicalId":431314,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Regulation (Other) (Sub-Topic)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131651334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Politics, Investor Protection and Competition","authors":"E. Perotti, P. Volpin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.957783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.957783","url":null,"abstract":"External finance is critical for less established entrepreneurs, so poor investor protection can hinder competition. We model how lobbying by incumbents may reduce access to finance in countries where politicians are less accountable to voters. In a broad cross-section of countries and industries, we find that (i) the number of producers and entry rates are positively correlated with investor protection in financially dependent sectors, and (ii) countries with more accountable political institutions have better investor protection.","PeriodicalId":431314,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Regulation (Other) (Sub-Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134197261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Financial Supervision Fragmentation and Central Bank Independence: The Two Sides of the Same Coin?","authors":"A. Freytag, D. Masciandaro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.837124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.837124","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses how the central banks role in the monetary institutional setting can affect the unification process of the overall financial supervision architecture. Using indicators of monetary commitment and central bank independence, we claim that these legal proxies show an inverse link with financial supervision unification. Therefore, the trade off still holds between the supervisory and the central bank involvement per se, however, monetary commitment and independence do also matter. In this respect, in an institutional setting characterized by a central bank deeply and successfully involved in supervision, or legally independent, a multi-authority model is likely to occur.","PeriodicalId":431314,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Regulation (Other) (Sub-Topic)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127455283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Availability of Financing, Regulatory Business Costs and National Entrepreneurial Propensity","authors":"Y. Ho, P. Wong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.775485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.775485","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we focus on two barriers to entry that may hinder the formation of new firms: capital requirements and regulatory business cost. The contribution of this paper is twofold: we compare the availability of different types of financing sources to address the issue of capital requirement and we utilise a new measure of business cost by constructing a composite index using data from the World Bank’s Doing Business Database. Using cross-sectional data on 37 countries that participated in the 2002 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, we examine the effect of availability of financing and regulatory business costs on the propensity of three different types of entrepreneurial activity:opportunity-driven, necessity driven and high-growth potential new firm formation. The availability of three types of financing sources is analysed: traditional debt financing, venture capital financing, and informal investments. The findings show that only informal investments significantly influence the propensity to be entrepreneurs. Regulatory business costs were found to deter opportunity driven entrepreneurship, but had no impact on other types of entrepreneurial activity.","PeriodicalId":431314,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Regulation (Other) (Sub-Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133457786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Codes of Conduct in Electronic Commerce in Spain (Los Códigos De Conducta En La Contratación Electrónica En España)","authors":"Anselmo M. Martinez Canellas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1147391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1147391","url":null,"abstract":"Mandatory rules are not the better way to achieve consumers' protection in e-commerce. The European Union has recommended to e-commerce operators to develop codes of conduct and labelling to create confidence in e-consumers. This article explains the Spanish approach to e-commerce codes of conduct and labelling, its content and the consequences of its nature as an unilateral promise.","PeriodicalId":431314,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Regulation (Other) (Sub-Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115244468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}