The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition最新文献

Neuroscience and Competitive Behavior 神经科学与竞争行为

The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition Pub Date : 2022-02-14 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.27

M. Balconi, L. Angioletti

引用次数: 1

The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition Pub Date : 2021-11-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.6

Benjamin M. Winegard, David Geary

{"title":"The Evolution of Competition","authors":"Benjamin M. Winegard, David Geary","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"Human competition is, at least partially, responsible for some of the transcended achievements of the species (walking on the moon, the polio vaccine, etc.), but the forces unleashed by competition have also led to profound human suffering (warfare, domination of one group by another group, etc.). In this article, the authors approach competition from an evolutionary perspective, applying Darwin’s theories of natural and sexual selection to understand better the nature of human competition. From the perspective of evolutionary psychology, humans engage in competition to gain resources, including status, food, and mating opportunities. Males tend to engage in more overt and aggressive forms of competition than females, but both sexes desire access to material and cultural goods associated with reproductive fitness. In the last roughly seventy years, the nature of men’s competition has transformed dramatically leading to declines in both within and between-group violence. As developed societies have succeeded in suppressing more overt and destructive forms of male–male competition, men attempt to gain status through occupational success, cognitive sophistication, moral signaling, and other relatively nonviolent behaviors. In this sense, men’s and women’s competition is more similar than it was a century ago. However, women’s competition is still less visible and relies on more indirect mechanisms (e.g., spreading gossip, subtle use of body language). For this reason, female–female competition has attracted less study than male–male competition. Fortunately, in the last decade, psychologists have partially redressed this imbalance.","PeriodicalId":429285,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132335628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gender Differences in the Psychology of Competition 竞争心理中的性别差异

The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.22

Kathrin J. Hanek

引用次数: 0

Social Identity and Intergroup Competition 社会认同与群体间竞争

The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.20

S. Belavadi, M. Hogg

{"title":"Social Identity and Intergroup Competition","authors":"S. Belavadi, M. Hogg","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.20","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter adopts a social identity approach to explain the nature of competition between groups. The role of the self is central in social identity theory. The ways in which the drive to attain a positive sense of self through identification with groups motivates competitive intergroup behavior forms the core of this chapter. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of realistic conflict theory and discusses the role of independent versus interdependent goals between groups in driving competitive versus cooperative intergroup behavior. Social identity theory is then invoked in the remainder of the chapter to discuss how competition between groups is sparked by the need for a clear, distinctive, and positive identity among group members through competition over status with the outgroup. The ways in which intergroup competition is viewed as adaptive by groups in crystalizing group boundaries and negotiating intergroup status and prestige is highlighted. A clearly defined social identity is also essential to group members in the management of self-uncertainty—a primary motive for social identification. The chapter ends with a discussion of contexts in which group members’ self-uncertainty is provoked and heightened such that they seek groups with rigidly defined ideologies wherein competitive relations spiral into radical, even violent behavior toward the outgroup and support for ingroup leaders who are authoritarian.","PeriodicalId":429285,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128564568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intrinsic Motivation, Psychological Needs, and Competition 内在动机、心理需求和竞争

The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.10

R. Ryan, J. Reeve

{"title":"Intrinsic Motivation, Psychological Needs, and Competition","authors":"R. Ryan, J. Reeve","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"Competition is an apt place to experience intrinsic motivation, as competitive settings are often rich with optimal challenges and immediate, effectance-relevant feedback. Yet competition can also undermine intrinsic motivation and sustained engagement by introducing controlling pressures and negative feedback. To explain the contrasting effects of competitive settings on intrinsic motivation, this chapter presents a self-determination theory analysis. According to the theory, when elements of competitive settings are experienced as controlling or pressuring, they undermine competitors’ autonomy, decreasing intrinsic motivation. However, when these elements are perceived as both non-controlling and competence-informing, they can satisfy both autonomy and competence needs, enhancing intrinsic motivation. Unpacking these motivational crosscurrents, the authors identify the motivational implications of different elements of competition, including competitive set, pressure to win, feedback and competitive outcomes, challenge, leaders’ motivating styles, team interpersonal climate, and intrapersonal events such as ego-involvement. The authors also examine both positive and negative effects of competition on the need for relatedness. The chapter concludes by discussing how conditions that foster the need-satisfying aspects of competition not only enhance intrinsic motivation but also help prevent the emergence of competition’s darker sides, such as cheating, doping, objectifying opponents, aggression, and poor sportspersonship.","PeriodicalId":429285,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132818677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1