{"title":"Scheduled MAC in beacon overlay networks for underwater localization and time-synchronization","authors":"W. V. Kleunen, N. Meratnia, P. Havinga","doi":"10.1145/2076569.2076575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076569.2076575","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we introduce a MAC protocol designed for underwater localization and time-synchronisation. The MAC protocol assumes a network of static reference nodes and allows blind nodes to be localized by listening-only to the beacon messages. Such a system is known to be very scalable. We show localization and time-synchronization algorithms can be designed for listen-only blind nodes by adapting the equations from GPS. We extend the set of GPS equations with angular information to reduce the number of beacons a blind node has to receive before it can determine its position. We evaluate scheduled and unscheduled communication for sending reference-beacon message using simulation mechanisms. Our experimental results show that when energy-consumption of the beacons is of concern or when the modulation rate is low (≤ 1kbps), scheduled communication is preferred. For systems which are not concerned with the energy-consumption of the beacons, unscheduled communication delivers more messages to the blind-nodes and localization and time-synchronization are performed faster in case of high modulation rates (5kbps and 10kbps).","PeriodicalId":428974,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124878644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uncertainty-based localization solution for under-ice autonomous underwater vehicles","authors":"Baozhi Chen, D. Pompili","doi":"10.1145/2076569.2076583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076569.2076583","url":null,"abstract":"Localization under-ice is challenging due to the increased difficulty of accessing Global Positioning System (GPS) or deploying localization infrastructure. In this work, a novel solution that minimizes localization uncertainty and communication overhead of under-ice Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) is proposed. Our solution is compared against existing solutions, which shows improved performance.","PeriodicalId":428974,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128422666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimation and compensation of Doppler effect in UAC OFDM systems","authors":"Sadia Ahmed, H. Arslan","doi":"10.1145/2076569.2076585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076569.2076585","url":null,"abstract":"Doppler effect causes loss of orthogonality in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which in turn may severely degrade receiver performance. In high data rate underwater acoustic communication (UAC) systems, the effect of Doppler varies considerably over OFDM band. This research presents an algorithm to avoid and/or to compensate the effect of varying Doppler shift over OFDM sub-carriers in order to maintain orthogonality and/or to compensate loss of orthogonality.","PeriodicalId":428974,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132653121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scheduling granularity in underwater acoustic networks","authors":"Kurtis B. Kredo, P. Mohapatra","doi":"10.1145/2076569.2076576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076569.2076576","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater acoustic networks have many distinct channel characteristics when compared to terrestrial networks. Long propagation delay, one such characteristic, allows scheduling methods with varying granularity that tradeoff schedule quality with protocol overhead. This work examines several channel scheduling methods to determine at what point protocols find the best balance between performance and overhead. To accomplish this, five scheduling options are detailed and then compared through numerical and simulation results between themselves and to other protocols. The results indicate that scheduling links provides the best performance for the resource investment and that other scheduling options either require significant overhead or provide insufficient performance. While the results show that direct sequence spread spectrum techniques, common at the physical layer in underwater networks, do not yield an improved schedule, they do reduce protocol overhead and scheduling complexity by reducing conflicts in the network.","PeriodicalId":428974,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132313701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jamming-resistant multi-path routing for reliable intruder detection in underwater networks","authors":"M. Goetz, S. Azad, P. Casari, I. Nissen, M. Zorzi","doi":"10.1145/2076569.2076579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076569.2076579","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we discuss the performance of multi-path routing techniques in underwater acoustic networks applied to an intruder detection scenario. We assume that a network of submarine sensors is deployed close to a surveilled harbor, with the task to detect outbound surface boats. The communications take place in the 4 to 8 kHz band, in order to favor long-haul transmissions. This band is highly affected by the noise originating from the boat propellers. Therefore, we resort to jamming-resilient techniques such as multi-path transmissions. The latter is accomplished by restricted flooding, and by an adaptive form of source routing as an alternative. Our results show that the inherent redundancy of multi-path routing offers an effective shield against excessive packet losses in the presence of strong jamming. This increases the probability that data packets containing detection information are promptly delivered to the desired sinks, with respect to the performance of static, single-path routing. In particular, restricted flooding achieves the best delivery ratio at the price of a very high number of generated replicas, whereas adaptive source routing trades off a lower delivery ratio for a lower overhead.","PeriodicalId":428974,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116268837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact analysis of different scheduling and retransmission techniques on an underwater routing protocol","authors":"S. Climent, N. Meratnia, J. V. Capella","doi":"10.1145/2076569.2076577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076569.2076577","url":null,"abstract":"Despite many advances in the area of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) during the last years, still many challenges need to be successfully tackled before large-scale deployment of underwater sensor networks becomes a reality. UWSNs usually employ acoustic channels for communications, which compared with radio-frequency channels, allow much lower bandwidths and have longer propagation delays. In the past, different methods have been proposed to define how a node must acquire the channel in order to start a transmission. Given the large propagation delays of underwater communication channels, a TDMA-based approach may need big time-guards. On the other hand, the very same large propagation delay increases the occurrence of the hidden terminal problem in a CSMA-based approach. In this paper, impacts of utilization of different scheduling and retransmission techniques on an underwater routing protocol will be analyzed. This analysis, in which energy consumption, packet delay, number of duplicate packets, and packet loss are considered, will be carried out by means of simulation using the Network Simulator 3 and a subset of EDETA (Energy-efficient aDaptive hiErarchical and robusT Architecture) routing protocol recently adapted to UWSN.","PeriodicalId":428974,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":"299 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131414645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Funing Xing, Shaobin Cai, Zhen-guo Gao, Desen Yang
{"title":"A network coding based protocol for reliable data transfer in underwater acoustic sensor networks","authors":"Funing Xing, Shaobin Cai, Zhen-guo Gao, Desen Yang","doi":"10.1145/2076569.2076586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076569.2076586","url":null,"abstract":"UWASN (UnderWater Acoustic Sensor Network) is a kind of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) consisting of underwater acoustic sensor nodes, which can be deployed for real-time warship monitoring, oceanographic data collection, environmental monitoring, disaster prevention, etc. The design of a reliable data transfer protocol for UWASN is challenging [1] owing to the specific characteristics of acoustic channels: high error rates, high energy consumption, limited bandwidth, low transmission speed, and long and unstable packet delivery delay.","PeriodicalId":428974,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115135649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Sánchez, S. Blanc, P. Yuste, Ignacio Piqueras-Salazar, J. J. Serrano
{"title":"A low-power wake-up system for underwater wireless sensor modems","authors":"Antonio Sánchez, S. Blanc, P. Yuste, Ignacio Piqueras-Salazar, J. J. Serrano","doi":"10.1145/2076569.2076589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076569.2076589","url":null,"abstract":"Asynchronous Wake-Up physical solutions offer important advantages to develop energy efficient network polices, however these solutions need specific hardware, optimal configuration of system facilities and interconnection with a core control unit. This paper presents an acoustic-oriented system that has been specifically designed to be used within underwater modems, able to react to external acoustic stimuli with ultra-low consumption.","PeriodicalId":428974,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117034402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Tomasi, L. Toni, P. Casari, J. Preisig, M. Zorzi
{"title":"A study on the SPIHT image coding technique for underwater acoustic communications","authors":"B. Tomasi, L. Toni, P. Casari, J. Preisig, M. Zorzi","doi":"10.1145/2076569.2076578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076569.2076578","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we consider the transmission of progressively encoded images over underwater acoustic links, where transmitted symbols are protected by Forward Error Correction (FEC). The allocation of redundancy is performed according to both a Basic and a Multiple Description (MD)-like technique. The performance of this system is analyzed in terms of the resulting Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) as image packets are transmitted over the measured realizations of acoustic channel impulse responses. These measurements were taken near the coast of Martha's Vineyard during October 2008, in different environmental conditions. In the results, we quantify the performance improvement of the multiple description (MD) technique compared to the Basic allocation, thus suggesting its suitability for the transmission of images in the underwater acoustic scenario.","PeriodicalId":428974,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131174344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the performance of unsynchronized distributed MAC protocols in deep water acoustic networks","authors":"F. Favaro, S. Azad, P. Casari, M. Zorzi","doi":"10.1145/2076569.2076588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2076569.2076588","url":null,"abstract":"Recent simulation software such as WOSS [1] and similar packages make it possible to perform accurate simulations of underwater acoustic networks by taking into account the actual behavior of sound propagation. In this paper, we focus on deep-water acoustic networks, and employ WOSS to compare the performance of three MAC protocols based on random access. The final goal of this effort is to test several network scenarios and baseline protocol approaches, and to understand which is more likely to offer top performance in underwater networks. In fact, it is still a partly open question whether or not there is a medium access control (MAC) protocol that is \"good\" in most if not all scenarios and network arrangements; or, at least, if any MAC protocol would be able to emerge as the de facto choice for most applications and network topologies. In this paper, we perform a comparison of MAC protocols in deep-water scenarios, in order to extend previous analyses, which targeted mainly shallow water networks. We will consider three types of medium access control: random access with instantaneous carrier sensing [1], transmitter-side tone-driven contention [2], and 3-way Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send (RTS/CTS)-based access [3].","PeriodicalId":428974,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Underwater Networks","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126448322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}