RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya最新文献

{"title":"Heroes and heroism as representations of collective memory","authors":"M. A. Podlesnaia, O. K. Shevchenko, I. V. Ilyina","doi":"10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-503-524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-503-524","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of the interdisciplinary philosophical-sociological study of heroism. In the theoretical introductory part, the authors conducted the semiotic analysis of the concept of heroism in the context of the concept of chronotope in Western-European culture; identified the constants of the Russian semantics of the ‘hero’, ‘heroism’ and ‘heroic’; described the dynamics of changes in the meanings of the ‘heroic’, ‘deed’ and ‘feat’. The sociological approach follows the philosophical understanding of heroism and considers this phenomenon through a social relationship (In N.K. Mikhailovsky’s perspective). To comprehend the relationship between the hero and the crowd, the authors refer to such sociological approaches as creative and relational theories of social action and P. Donati’s relational sociology. The empirical part presents the results of the sociological survey of 1,350 Russians from different generations in eight federal districts; thus, the authors consider the concepts of hero and heroism as representations of collective (historical) memory. The empirical study consisted of two parts: the first one focused on the collective memory of Russians and their historical knowledge, the second one - on heroes and heroism in the interpretation of the Soviet and post-Soviet generations. The results of the first part show the general weakening of collective memory, and the events of older history are less interesting and less known than, for example, those of the Soviet period. Most of the significant events in the Russian history are perceived as triumphant, not as traumatic, and most military campaigns, including the current ones, are perceived through the figure of the winner, not the loser. Respondents believe that there was more heroism in the past. Heroism is associated with such personal qualities as strength, activity, a sense of duty, desire to save others not for profit, the ability not to give up even in the most difficult situation. The hero is perceived not only as a savior, but also as a truth-seeker, which is especially significant for Soviet generations.","PeriodicalId":42659,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135041285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the benefits of mythologies for sociological imagination","authors":"I. V. Trotsuk, M. V. Tsimbal","doi":"10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-644-653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-644-653","url":null,"abstract":"The article is a sociological review-reflection on the non-sociological book by P.A. Sapronov Mythology of Secular Culture (Saint Petersburg: Publishing House “Petropolis”, 2023. 380 pp.) and aims at proving the usefulness of ex-disciplinary reading for understanding one’s subject field. From the title of the book, it is obvious that it is interesting for the sociological reader for at least two reasons. First, secularization is clearly a sociological topic associated with the origins of our discipline, and secular culture/society is an undeniable object of sociological analysis. Second, the concept ‘myth’ has an ambiguous status in sociology: on the one hand, it is a generally recognized attribute of any archaic/ancient culture/society; on the other hand, today the word ‘myth’ has a rather metaphorical connotation, thus, serving as synonym for other concepts (ideology, misconceptions of mass consciousness, non-religious cults, common journalistic images, etc.). Although the book is declared as a course of lectures, it is rather a detailed monographic narrative that does not meet the formal requirements for the declared genre: the book does not have an introduction, footnotes or references - only a summary of the author’s theses in the conclusion and numerous references to relevant authors, concepts, examples and discussions in all three sections - “Myth and its variations” (historical transformations of the mythological), “Mythologems of secular culture” (progress, individualism, great man, freedom, revolution, religion in secular culture and nationalism) and “On the necessity and possibility of overcoming myth in secular culture” (prospects for demythologization on the paths of science, philosophy and theology).","PeriodicalId":42659,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135041006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social functions of mentors for graduates of orphanages (on the example of Novosibirsk)","authors":"E. A. Popov","doi":"10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-564-578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-564-578","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the phenomenon of mentoring is determined by challenges in the social existence of individuals and groups that find themselves in a difficult life situation. The article focuses on the graduates of organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, who face adaptive, social and social-cultural difficulties after leaving the orphanage, and in this situation the role of mentors is crucial. Based on the semi-structured interviews with mentors (N = 17) and graduates (N = 15) of orphanages in Novosibirsk, the author identifies social functions of mentors and the graduates’ attitude to them. Novosibirsk was chosen as the first city in Russia, in which mentoring system for graduates of orphanages was tested. The article focuses on the social functions of mentors based on the idea that the social function is an effective means for achieving goals that are significant for society or its groups. The following social functions of mentors were identified: socializing, social-communicative and social-cultural. These functions allow to define mentoring not only as a pedagogical phenomenon, but also as a social practice that determines the interaction of representatives of different social groups/communities. Such interaction is purposeful, reflects the completeness of the subjects’ life worlds and their value orientations, forms meaningful attitudes and improves the quality of life in general. The study showed that the interaction between mentors and graduates is positive and contributes to the improvement of the graduates’ social life. The author identifies the key markers of the mentors’ attitude to the social practices of the orphanage, their estimates of its role in the formation of personality and value orientations. The approach presented in the article allows to consider mentoring as an important factor of socialization.","PeriodicalId":42659,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135041004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eurasian Economic Union: Mechanisms and meanings of social-humanitarian cooperation","authors":"G. I. Osadchaya","doi":"10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-623-633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-623-633","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the research is determined by the need in new opportunities to improve the effectiveness of integration processes in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) under the increasing global instability. The author shows the importance of social-humanitarian cooperation for integration processes, describes its mechanisms, tools and meanings. The article is based on the materials of the governing bodies of the EAEU, state and non-state organizations of the member countries, current publications of the mass media and studies conducted by the Institute of Demographic Research in 2019- 2023. The author describes both the current state of cooperation between the member countries and its problems, such as the local nature of joint events held on a bilateral basis and having a small integration effect; the declining use of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space; the increasing denial of the Soviet past and a low level of support for integration among the younger groups; the lack of an acceptable consensus of the member states in assessing the depth of integration processes; overestimated expectations from the development of countries within the Union; the lack of institutional basis for social-humanitarian interaction and of supranational structures that ensure work with the population of the EAEU. The author sees the prospects for the development of humanitarian cooperation within the Eurasian integration in productive communication projects of a mass nature, which aim at a large audience and form the potential for integration of countries and peoples. The author argues that social-humanitarian projects of Eurasian integration will inevitably require content interesting for younger generations and active social groups, so that cooperation meanings would contribute to the formation of a common socialhumanitarian space of the EAEU.","PeriodicalId":42659,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135041002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The latest forms and models of the cooperative movement","authors":"L. A. Ovchintseva","doi":"10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-661-667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-661-667","url":null,"abstract":"On June 30, 2023, the third international scientific-practical conference “The latest cooperation in agriculture: Alternative forms and models in support of the economic theory of I.V. Emelyanov” was organized on the initiative of a team of scientists - specialists in the field of rural cooperation. Presentations were made by both theoreticians and practitioners of rural cooperation, who focused on the contradictions in the development of the cooperative movement and discussed new models and forms of cooperation in the theoretical and practical perspectives.","PeriodicalId":42659,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135041007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The West, Russia and China: Inheritance systems and ways of economic development","authors":"O. V. Dorokhina, A. B. Sinelnikov, S. A. Barkov","doi":"10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-600-611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-600-611","url":null,"abstract":"The current confrontation between Russia-China and the West requires a study of civilizational differences that determine national identities and attitudes towards social-economic values. This confrontation has deep cultural roots; thus, the Russian-Western intense rivalry in the 18th - 19th centuries was based on different perceptions of social reality, different value orientations and priorities in economy, politics and other spheres. Sociologists and social philosophers have studied factors that determined civilizational differences between non-Western and Western societies, namely the Russian world and the Anglo-Saxon world for decades, emphasizing their confessional differences, fundamentally divergent geopolitical interests, opposite political systems and so on. In the social-economic perspective, property rights are a significant basis of civilizational differences. The West has always considered its clear stand on property rights as the only possible. However, this position can be based on either economic considerations or moral criteria. Such differences are reflected in inheritance systems, although sociologists rarely focus on them. The division between heirs in equal parts complies with the moral standards of our society and is known as the path of ‘communal good’. Another way is to transfer the greater part of property to one member of the family in order to avoid its fragmentation, which is reasonable in the economic perspective but not always morally acceptable; this is the path known as ‘rational evil’. Thus, inheritance systems are among the most crucial civilizational differences between Russia and the West. The civilizational analysis is fundamentally important under the current confrontation between the West and Russia- China, and the position on private property and inheritance system determines civilizational differences. In Western Europe, the right of primogeniture was in force for a long time, and its cruel laws dictated that all real estate and most of the other property was inherited by the eldest son. This rule contributed to the earlу development of capitalism based on wage labor. On the contrary, in Russia, China and many other non-Western countries, the inheritance was divided among all children. Although it was disadvantageous for the social-economic development, it did not contradict conventional moral standards and did not destroy family relationships. In post-industrial societies, the institutional context has radically changed and the division of property among relatives does not","PeriodicalId":42659,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135041282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social-humanitarian aspects of dialogue in the healthcare system","authors":"I. V. Bogdan, V. A. Kuzmenkov","doi":"10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-654-660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-654-660","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents an overview of the IV Forum “Sociology of Health: Contemporary Healthcare in Dialogue with Everyone” organized by the Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management of the Moscow Healthcare Department on November 17, 2022. The article summarizes presentations made by sociologists, heads of medical organizations of Moscow and other Russian regions, academic researchers, and representatives of non-profit organizations. The authors identify four key social and humanistic aspects of dialogue in the healthcare system: value basis, methodology, role of the civil society, and main issues. The Forum focused not only on methodological issues, but also on the applied research, such as projects aimed at smoking cessation, motivating to blood donation, developing psychological support service for cancer patients, etc. The authors emphasize the need for social-humanitarian technologies in the healthcare system for its patient-oriented transformation, including introduction of sociological monitoring.","PeriodicalId":42659,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135041286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergetic paradigm of the global world","authors":"V. I. Dobrenkov","doi":"10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-433-450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-3-433-450","url":null,"abstract":"All sociological paradigms are based on the existing picture of the world, which determines them through cognitive models. Thus, the Darwinian evolutionism and dialectical materialism that developed in the last century were mainly based on four cognitive models: scholastic (nature and society as texts), mechanistic (nature and society as machines), statistical (nature and society as balances of average values) and systemic (nature and society as organisms). Contemporary sociological paradigms - of social facts, social behavior, social definitions and determinism - are also based on these cognitive models; however, today social processes go beyond these cognitive models, and there is a growing interest in an interdisciplinary approach called ‘synergetics’ (1). The synergetic approach uses such concepts as ‘order’, ‘chaos’, ‘nonlinearity’, ‘uncertainty’, ‘instability’, ‘dissipative structures’, ‘bifurcation’, ‘attractor’ and etc. Synergetics studies the general laws of self-organization, stability and destruction of ordered structures in complex systems of various nature; it is a theory of self-organization and development of open systems of any origin [6]. The synergetic style of scientific thinking presupposes a probabilistic vision of the world, which developed in the 19th century. Synergetics contributes to the formation of a new type of scientific thinking - post-non-classical, to the inclusion of humanistic and axiological parameters in scientific research and to the development of non-linear thinking, proving the inadequacy of the model of consistent and gradual cumulative development. The new sociological paradigm should accept the idea of synergetics about the interconnectedness of epistemology and ontology, i.e. the idea that the cognitive activity of the subject changes reality: the very choice of the object, conceptual scheme, methods and the use of the results obtained forms, changes and destroys the ontological basis; therefore, the researcher is responsible for the world that he creates and reforms.","PeriodicalId":42659,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135041160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soviet man as a construct and a practice (from the history of interethnic relations in Akmolinsk)","authors":"N. Kirabaev, J. S. Beisova","doi":"10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-2-316-328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-2-316-328","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the concept of “a new historical community - the Soviet people” as a theoretical construction and a life practice. The authors analyze the terms “Soviet people”, “nation”, “nationality”, stressing that they have not received a universal definition; and distinguish ‘Western’ and ‘Eastern’ approaches to interpreting ‘nation’. In the Western tradition, the progressive approach prevails and defines nation as a phenomenon of the Modern and Postmodern eras; while the Eastern tradition adheres to a more polycentric approach, i.e., defines nation as an ethnic community based on the national culture, national character and national spirit. The authors emphasize the need to consider all the above-mentioned terms in a single system, i.e., the Soviet people were an international community with clear national differences. If the people are interpreted as a political project, we get ideologies; if the Soviet people are interpreted as a discursive formation, we get the idea of the civil or ethnic national identity as a cultural phenomenon based on the native language and moral values, which allows to talk about national culture or national soul as manifestations of ethnic solidarity. Examples from the history of the once powerful USSR show that the formation of the Soviet people as a nation was based on the single territory and common historical destiny. Thus, the authors consider as a life practice (on the example of the culture of the provincial city Akmolinsk in the Republic of Kazakhstan on the eve of the Great Patriotic War) the culture of the Soviet people united by the common historical destiny. The Soviet people as a historical community consisted of many ethnic communities, national cultures and confessions, which allows to define nation as a systemic phenomenon rather than as a political structure. Moreover, the Soviet people were united by common goals of a political and cultural nature, which, as the history of the Soviet Union showed, had both solidarity and conflict potential.","PeriodicalId":42659,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45358673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herzen contra Marx: In search for a diagonal","authors":"A. V. Shabaga","doi":"10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-2-294-315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-2-294-315","url":null,"abstract":"The first half of the 19th century was a period of dissidence and alternative social movements in Europe. The most famous and influential dissidents were A.I. Herzen and K. Marx. Both were supporters of socialism and founded movements that were destined to radically change the social life of the European East and West. They developed those social constructs of the future that are still in demand, since socialist and social-democratic ideas largely determine the contemporary political landscape. At first, both supported liberalism but later declared it unconstructive. Herzen criticized liberals for inventing the people rather than studying them and for demanding that everyone would become homo politicus to solve social problems. Marx became a preacher of dictatorship as the only way to build a just society in Europe, and often practiced authoritarianism which Herzen criticized. Herzen also criticized liberalism for its latent individualism and searched for a path to democratically reorganize the Russian society, which he considered mainly in the collectivist spirit. The author focuses on Herzen’s attempt to prove the possibility of bypassing the bourgeois formation of Marx by a ‘diagonal’ transition from pre-capitalism to socialism. Herzen considered capitalism a social failure, a ‘historical dislocation’ that developed in Western Europe but affected all peoples of the world. Herzen proposed an alternative construct with a certain potential for anticapitalist associations constantly emerging in various regions of the world - they try to create selfgoverning communities free from the shortcomings of bourgeois democracy.","PeriodicalId":42659,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Sociology-Vestnik Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov Seriya Sotsiologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48935513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}