Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019最新文献

{"title":"Improvement of Reservoir Management Efficiency Using Stochastic Capacitance Resistance Model","authors":"Tae Hyung Kim","doi":"10.2118/195322-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195322-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Lost Hills is a dual permeability Diatomite reservoir that is distinct from conventional reservoirs. Application of numerical simulation has been limited throughout field life due to the complex nature of the diatomite including low permeability (∼ 1 md) but high porosity (∼ 50%) and weak rock strength (∼ 100,000 psi of Young's modulus). Thus, many reservoir management practices are based on trial and error methods which are sub-optimal. This work aims to enhance the efficiency of reservoir management activities.\u0000 The usage of Capacitance Resistance Model (CRM) has been increasing due to its simple but effective capabilities of analyzing waterflooding performances. However, CRM has innate limitations as well. The core calculation of CRM is solving nonlinear regression. Solution of nonlinear regression is not unique since it is not guaranteed to find the global minimum and is affected by solver algorithms and initial guesses. In addition to the innate limitations, due to the lack of bottomhole pressure data in the Lost Hills and its high oil viscosity (∼ 20 °API), the accuracy of Lost Hills CRM solution is not enough to be used in daily operations. Stochastic CRM (SCRM) was developed to mitigate these limitations by combining bootstrap with CRM and provides stochastic answers. SCRM estimates probabilities of an initial solution using bootstrap, substitutes low probable parameter values with P50 values, and updates injector-producer connection pairs and its interwell connectivity.\u0000 SCRM was developed for analyzing waterflooding operations such as identification of ineffective injector-producer connection pairs and estimation of reservoir pressure. SCRM analysis results were benchmarked against the Lost Hills tracer test data and demonstrated that SCRM provided a better solution than CRM. Compared to the fact that the deterministic solution from CRM found only 50% of connection pairs which tracer identified, SCRM solution identified 10 out of the 12 tracer identified connections. After the verification, SCRM was applied to find out connected injectors which cause Fluid Over Pump (FOP) wells. The existing workflow for identifying connected injectors was a trial and error method and hard to find connected injectors if connected injectors are located farther than 300 ft from FOP wells (chronic FOP wells). The novel workflow has been deployed so that FOP wells can be mitigated systematically and enable the optimization team to improve its reservoir management efficiency. In 2017, 10 chronic FOP wells were mitigated by identifying connected injectors with the novel workflow.","PeriodicalId":425264,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133890490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting and Applying Wellhead Temperatures for Steamflood Field Operation and Production Performance Monitoring","authors":"Zhengming Yang","doi":"10.2118/195333-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195333-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Producer flow line temperatures (FLT) can be measured automatically with a thermistor on an emergency shut-down system (ESD), or manually on a specified spot on flow line with a hand-held unit. Measured FLTs can usually be mapped to represent the formation temperature distribution for steamflood reservoir management purposes (Hong, 1994). In the meantime, predicting the long-term flow-line temperature trend in steamflood operation is necessary for designing surface facilities for both oil dehydration/separation and produced water recycling. This predicted temperature will also be applicable for production performance monitoring. In addition to FLT, wellhead temperature (WHT) is another surface temperature. FLT and WHT are comparable for their close typical distance of 5-10 ft.\u0000 To predict the wellhead temperature, Hasan, Kabir and Wang (2009) derived a steady state analytical solution for calculating WHT from bottom hole temperature (BHT) under flowing conditions of a multiple section slant wellbore for the isothermal primary depletion process with both WHT and BHT being time independent for a given gross rate. This steady-state analytical solution has been extended to calculate steamflood producer WHT from BHT (both are time-dependent) by approximating WHT and monthly average of FLT measurements to a steady state solution consecutively. The monthly averaged FLTs are seasonally variable and higher in the summer months of July to September and lower in the winter months of December to February. Both WHTs (if measured) and monthly averaged FLT measurements depend on an annual ambient temperature cycle within the depth needed for reaching undisturbed ground temperature (typically 30-50 ft, Gwadera, Larwa and Kupiec, 2017). WHT prediction, however, are only process dependent and not seasonally variable due to the inability in describing seasonally undisturbed depth in the geothermal gradient. Therefore, WHT prediction can be validated with the monthly average of measured summer month FLTs. BHTs in this analytical approach is predicted by Lauwerier's analytical model (1955) and improved by calibrating with the available reservoir simulation model or several years’ FLT measurements for steamflood response timing.\u0000 A field case study for the South Belridge diatomite steamflood was investigated. WHT prediction is compared with FLT measurement for diagnosing and understanding the production performances such as water or steam premature breakthrough, interference by the waterflood on the steamflood boundary producers, as well as the FLT variation related to steam injection target rates. This diagnostic analysis approach combined with the Buckley-Leverett theory based displacement efficiency analysis, and injection pressure and rate signal, will help to develop an improved understanding of the displacement detail and form a decision base to optimize the production performance.","PeriodicalId":425264,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133041424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Machine Learning in Identifying Sweet Spots in Unconventional Formations","authors":"S. Tandon","doi":"10.2118/195344-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195344-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Productive zones or \"sweet spots\" in unconventional reservoirs depend on their geomechanical and petro-physical rock properties. Machine learning algorithms can significantly improve workflows used for evaluating sweet-spots in such complex reservoirs. The objectives of this paper are to: (i) quantity the effects of rock mechanical properties on fracturing treatments using data analytics and (ii) use regression-based machine learning algorithms and improve sweet-spot assessment in complex mudrock reservoirs.\u0000 We used a hydraulic fracturing simulator that couples fluid-flow with fracture deformation in discrete fracture networks to model field-scale hydraulic fracturing treatments. First, we selected several geomechanical properties related to rock fracability. We obtained wide variation in aforementioned properties using a quasi-random design approach. Then, we performed 200 slick-water fracturing simulations with quasi-random distribution of design parameters using the hydraulic fracturing simulator. We quantified the performance of fracture treatments by calculating the effective short- and long-term Stimulated Reservoir Volume of the reservoir (SRV). We finally analyzed the results of numerical simulations by applying regression analysis to improve the assessment of sweet-spots in complex reservoirs.\u0000 The regression analysis involved the following simulation variables: shear modulus, poisson's ratio, fracture friction coefficient, principal horizontal stress anisotropy, fracture toughness, fracture closure stress, shear dilation angle, and initial fracture aperture. The SRV results were analyzed using: linear regression, linear regression with beta coefficients, ridge and lasso regression, and principal component regression algorithms. The regression analysis revealed that linear models can explain 73.1% and 59.2% variance in short- and long-term SRV values, respectively. The ridge and lasso regression and beta linear regression analysis revealed that stress anisotropy, fracture dilation angle, and fracture friction coefficient show the highest effect on the aforementioned SRV values. In all the regression models, shear modulus and critical fracture toughness did not have a significant effect on SRV but these parameters are important as they are correlated to other parameters that directly impact fluid flow.\u0000 The results of using data analytic approaches demonstrated that factors related to unpropped fracture conductivity play a critical role in success of hydraulic fracturing treatments. We have also introduced and compared the performances of different machine learning algorithms that might be used to assess the impact of geomechanical properties on fracturing treatments. Such supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms can help in integrating legacy field data in the analysis of productive zones in complex reservoirs. Such analysis can also be used to develop data-based models that might improve the study of sweet-spot and fra","PeriodicalId":425264,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115520210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pressure Transient Analysis in Fractured Horizontal Wells with Fracture Networks","authors":"Zhangxin Chen, Liao Xinwei, Q. Liu, L. Wang, Wang Siwen, Xue-jun Tang, Jun Zhang","doi":"10.2118/195286-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195286-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Drilling fractured horizontal well is now a common practice to improve the productivity of unconventional wells. With the reactivated natural fractures, the technique of fractured horizontal wells can generate a large amount of complex fracture networks of hydraulic fractures (HF) and micro fractures (MF) in unconventional reservoirs. In this paper, an efficient semi-analytical model is developed for pressure transient analysis in horizontal wells by considering hydraulic fracture networks as well as natural fracture networks. During the model development, we develop the diffusivity equation for fluid flow in formation matrix using line source function. With the nodal analysis technique, the flow interplay at fracture intersections is eliminated and the diffusivity equations for fluid flow in hydraulic fractures are built. The pressure transient solution of these diffusivity equations is obtained by using Laplace transforms and Stehfest numerical inversion (Stehfest, 1970).\u0000 The results show that different from a single \"dip\"––the classical dual-porosity feature of naturally fractured reservoirs ––in the pressure derivative, the reservoir system exhibits many other different pressure behaviors like \"fluid feed\", \"pseudo-boundary dominated flow\", etc. All these pressure behaviors are associated with the properties and geometries of natural/hydraulic fractures. What's more, the pressure response for fracture network horizontal wells with natural fracture networks can be divided into some flow regimes, which include: (1) the first bilinear flow, (2) \"MF-HF\" support, (3) the second bilinear flow, (4) formation linear flow, (5) cross flow, and (6) pseudo-radial flow. Model reliability is demonstrated by a numerical verification. The efficient semi-analytical model in this work can substantially reduce the computational burdens of numerical simulators for transient pressure analysis in shale reservoirs with hydraulic and/or natural fracture networks.","PeriodicalId":425264,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132509298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imbibition Oil Recovery from the Montney Core Plugs: The Interplay of Wettability, Osmotic Potential and Microemulsion Effects","authors":"Lin Yuan, H. Dehghanpour, Ann Ceccanese","doi":"10.2118/195362-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195362-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents a series of rock-fluid experiments to investigate 1) wettability of several core plugs from the Montney Formation and its correlations with other petrophysical properties such as pore-throat-radius size distribution, and 2) effects of wettability, salinity and microemulsion (ME) additive on imbibition oil recovery. First, we evaluate wettability by conducting spontaneous imbibition experiments using reservoir oil and brine (with salinity of 141,000 ppm) on six twin core plugs from the Montney Formation. In addition, we investigate the correlations between wettability and other petrophysical properties obtained from MICP data and tight-rock analyses. Second, we inject oil into brine-saturated core plugs to arrive at residual water saturation. Third, we perform soaking experiments on oil-saturated core plugs using fresh water, reservoir brine and ME system, and measure the volume of produced oil with respect to time.\u0000 We observe faster and higher oil imbibition into the core plugs compared with brine imbibition, suggesting the strong affinity of the samples to oil. The normalized imbibed volume of oil (Io) is positively correlated to the volume fraction of small pores, represented by the tail part of MICP pore-throat-radius size distribution profiles. This suggests that the tight parts of the pore network are preferentially oil-wet and host reservoir oil under in-situ conditions. The results of soaking experiments show that imbibition oil recovery is positively correlated to the water-wet porosity measured by spontaneous brine imbibition into the dry core plugs. Imbibition of fresh water results in around 3% (of initial oil volume in place) higher oil recovery compared with that of brine imbibition, possibly due to osmotic potential. Soaking the oil-saturated core plugs in ME solution after brine or fresh soaking results in 1-2% incremental oil recovery. Soaking the oil-saturated core plugs immediately in ME solution results in faster oil recovery compared with the case when the plugs are first soaked in water and then in ME solution.","PeriodicalId":425264,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125282641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hazard Assessment for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refinery Operations Using Multi-Country Regulatory Databases.","authors":"Maihani Ismail, Salmaan Hussain Inayat Hussain, M. Yoneda, M. T. Latif","doi":"10.2118/195405-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195405-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study aims to facilitate the prioritization of hazardous air pollutants potentially emitted from petroleum refinery operations based on their carcinogenicity (C), mutagenicity (M) and reproductive toxicity (R) through hazard assessment using multi-country governmental regulatory databases. 176 hazardous air pollutants which were reported as being emitted by petroleum refineries were initially selected for hazard analysis. CMR classification for these pollutants were obtained from PETRONAS SHIELD system as well as country databases, which includes hazard classifications based on the United Nations Globally Harmonised System from Australia, China, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, and Turkey. The most stringent classifications were assigned should there be discordance in classifications across the country databases. A scoring system that yields a maximum total score of 60 if all CMR were Category 1A and a minimum score of 0 if none of the hazards were classified was applied to quantitatively rank the pollutants. Among the countries, Japan and South Korea have the highest number of classified hazardous air pollutants across C/M/R. 121 pollutants (68.8%) have C/M/R classification or their combinations. 68 pollutants have classification for C, 40 for M and 51 for R. Vast difference in CMR classifications can be observed between the countries, with 12 pollutants’ classification ranged between 2 (suspected human C/M/R agent) to 1A (known human C/M/R agent). 18 HAP scored between 40-60, with Benzene topping the list with maximum score of 60, followed by Benzo(a)pyrene, 1,3-Butadiene, Arsenic and Cadmium.","PeriodicalId":425264,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126906697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining Confined Space Safety: A Case Study","authors":"Sher Alizander, T. Wallace, E. Daher","doi":"10.2118/179481-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/179481-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Confined Space work is one of the most challenging aspects of a maintenance project. Accidents can occur if potential hazards such as fire, elevated temperatures, gas, fumes, vapor, lack of oxygen or limitations to movement are not properly managed. This considerable level of danger calls for extra safety measures that consist of a safety watch who monitors the entry and maintains communication with the workers inside. However, the duties of the attendant are restricted to the outside of the vessel. So how does safety extend to the activities inside the confined space?\u0000 A solution was designed that combines gas detection, video surveillance, two-way communication, access control and a command center to improve safety while improving productivity and reducing costs. If an injury occurs inside the vessel, under existing processes, the Safety Attendant is alerted by another worker or via a lack of communication with the injured worker. The attendant then radios for a rescue team. With this innovation, owners no longer require a safety attendant and the safety operators monitoring the command center can see the issue and communicate directly with the injured worker. First responders or rescue team are alerted directly.\u0000 Through the combination of real-time gas detection, cameras with day/night vision installed outside and inside vessels, video recording and two-way communication, the innovation delivers and stores data useful in alerting workers of hazardous environments, providing video evidence of safe behaviors, enables operators to see work inside the vessels real time, and stores valuable video and overlaid gas data logs to protect against future liabilities. The system can be utilized in trainings or investigations, enables personnel in the vessel to communicate with personnel offsite through the command center, allows for remote correction of safety practices, controls access to the confined space or facilitates faster response to emergencies. The innovation saves significant costs to owners through the elimination of safety watch and the resulting costs and liabilities of these personnel on site. Further cost savings will be achieved through smoother operation of the permit process, improved communication with workers in confined spaces, and enhancements to productivity.\u0000 A product of collaboration between technology and safety expertise, the innovation revolutionizes the role of the safety watch, enhances safety and productivity, and reduces costs for the owner. The paper will discuss examples and provide data on the potential savings resulting from the implementation of the technology. This paper will also discuss further enhancements include body cameras, monitoring of employee wellbeing and facility access control. This is the path to the technical turnaround of the future.","PeriodicalId":425264,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125666840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Offshore Fresh Water Deluge Test","authors":"Joyceanne Hong, M. Pannebakker, H. Bhaskaran","doi":"10.2118/195702-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195702-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As per NFPA standard, every offshore platform is required to test the deluge system 3-yearly. Use of seawater to test the deluge system introduces multiple issues with materials offshore due to direct impingement of seawater coupled with chloride ingestion in instruments and other electrical items. This was experienced[SP(L1] by more senior engineers and operators working on other platforms commissioning and hence KBB was tasked to test the deluge system using freshwater.\u0000 On the KBB platform, freshwater system was never designed to be used for the deluge, and retrofitting or modifying the platform proved to have major obstacles. KBB investigated use of a barge or standby vessel to conduct this test, but the standby vessel pipeline header did not have sufficient capacity for the required test. KBB then designed an external system using water tanks, rented firewater pump, flexible hoses and pre-fabricated spools for use of fresh water on the deluge system. KBB was not successful on inquiries sent on similar test being conducted on other offshore facilities in the region.\u0000 The deluge test work pack was developed with due consideration given towards safe execution of work. This paper will present the details of how this was achieved safely offshore, bringing in fundamental innovations to ensure value is safeguarded while ensuring the regulatory requirement is met[SP(L2] which is to test the deluge valve dry yearly or wet test the system 3-yearly. Some of the findings from the deluge test will also be presented.","PeriodicalId":425264,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019","volume":"274 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116423956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waste Upcycling for Marine Rubber Hoses","authors":"Poonsook Sricharoen, Ratchaneephan Roteborwornwittaya","doi":"10.2118/195422-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195422-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Marine rubber hoses are normally used for loading and offloading condensate or crude oil in oil and gas industries. These hoses are mostly contaminated with hydrocarbons or other heavy metals and disposed of as hazardous waste. With the aim of \"zero waste to landfill\" and adoption of a waste upcycling approach, better and appropriate disposal methods for used hoses in market were evaluated and selected to support the achievement of the target.\u0000 Typically, used hoses are disposed of by secured landfill. To avoid the high negative impacts of landfill, used hoses from the Company activities had been accumulated in storage over many years while the Company sought out the best available process to manage them. Burning the waste in a Cement kiln, an alternative waste disposal method, cannot dispose of the hoses completely because they are made with reinforced steel wires; in fact, the hoses must be shredded into smaller pieces prior to burning them in the kiln. As a solution and an endeavor to develop new methods with hose manufacturers, waste disposers and other waste generators, a combination of decontamination and pyrolysis process was selected as the answer. The former is a process of removing contaminants that have accumulated in the hoses and that are critical to health and safety, while the latter is a new way of getting value from burned materials through thermochemical decomposition of organic material at high temperatures while they are in chamber absent of oxygen; this causes the materials to break down into smaller molecules. As a result of this combined process, we are able to convert hoses with reinforced materials into alternative valued products: carbon black, steel wires, and pyrolysis oil, which can be further used as raw material or an energy source for other industries. In terms of commercial use, this new method has resulted in lower cost when compared to using a secured landfill. It serves as an alternative waste disposal method and is considered to be the most efficient process to replace secured landfill. This method may also help the Company in disseminating future best practices on the disposal process to other oil and gas companies who are considering alternative processes and help the Company in promoting the waste upcycling scheme for a better environmental value.","PeriodicalId":425264,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123308023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online Fixed Tank Volatile Organic Content Calculation and Reporting","authors":"S. A. Abidin, A. Khairi, Lukman Abdul Karim, A. K. Hing","doi":"10.2118/195406-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/195406-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Tank emission calculation is normally performed offline and manual data gathering from various tanks could be a timely and inefficient task. This paper presents iCON first principal process simulation software, used to perform tank emission calculations by leveraging on its existing extensive database of all process simulation models and chemical components physical property. Hence, a lot of operation cost is saved by eliminating the need for inventory sampling activity for each tank. This paper also will discuss online tank emission work processes to make it sustainable. iCON Tank Emission complies to United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42) Fifth Edition Chapter 7 Liquid Storage Tanks that covers fixed roof tanks (vertical and horizontal) and floating roof tanks (internal, external and domed) with respective combination of roof, shell, rim seal, fittings and breather vent settings. It is also linked to monthly Malaysian Climate Condition that covers domestic municipals temperature (minimum and maximum), Solar Irradiance Factor and wind speed that improves the tank emission calculation accuracy. iCON Tank Emission lets users calculate thousands of tank emission simultaneously by using iCON communication (COM) interface feature and displays the results in monthly and yearly summary for report standardization among multiple business units. The average simulation convergence time is 100 tanks simultaneous calculation per minute making it time efficient for HSE engineers to perform strict monthly calculation and reporting. Case studies and what if scenarios could also be run in effort to reduce tank emission via introduction of vapor recovery and optimizing tank mechanical parameters i.e. type of rim seal, color and fittings selection. iCON Online Tank Emission is working through linking iCON model with real time plant information data for real time tank emission calculation which is transparent to management and regulators. The findings from this compositional first principles thermodynamic base tank emission simulation study are considered more efficient, faster and cheaper than conventional method.","PeriodicalId":425264,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, April 24, 2019","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126244994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}