{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease","authors":"J. Stojšić","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.87243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87243","url":null,"abstract":"Interstitial lung diseases are rare diffuse lung disease characterized by a specific clinical picture and radiological (imaging) and pathohistological findings. It is considered that these diseases represent about 15% of all respiratory diseases [1]. Diffuse changes of the lung parenchyma in each type of these diseases are characterized by various morphological patterns which are reflected by a different imaging finding and a specific clinical picture [2–4]. The clinical picture at an early stage of the disease is not specific, and it is hard to suspect interstitial lung disease. Symptoms of interstitial lung disease are dry cough, short breath, fever, and fatigue. A specific high resolution computed tomographyn (HR-CT) finding indicates an interstitial lung disease which is proven by biopsy. Transbronchial biopsy primarily excludes specific granulomatous lung diseases, primary malignancy and metastatic as well as eosinophilic pneumonia, alveolar proteinosis, and pulmonary histiocytosis. If a bioptized lung sample has nonspecific morphological pattern, it is necessary to perform an open lung biopsy or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Open lung biopsy procedure requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes a chest surgeon. An agreement on taking large number of lung tissue samples characterized by change evolution increases the efficiency and accuracy of the diagnosis [5]. Integrated clinical and radiological data help the pathologist to establish an accurate diagnosis of the type of interstitial lung disease. Besides pulmonologist, radiologist, and pathologist, microbiologist and immunologist also participate in diagnostic procedure [2–4].","PeriodicalId":425067,"journal":{"name":"Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131076808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lung Transplant for Interstitial Lung Diseases","authors":"B. Nokes, E. Golts, K. Afshar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82722","url":null,"abstract":"Lung transplant is an important treatment modality for select cases of advanced interstitial lung disease. However, the preand postoperative management requires several unique considerations. The decision to transplant is based largely on clinical severity of illness and the lung allocation score. Transplant improves overall mortality across the interstitial lung diseases, though not all ILD subtypes experience equal benefit from lung transplant. Broadly speaking, there is no difference in benefit between singleand bilateral-lung transplants, though we will discuss some important clinical nuances to this decision as well. Lastly, there are a number of immunosuppression, coagulation, and malignancy risk considerations that must be carefully understood in caring for the lung transplant patient. This chapter will provide a general overview of the indications for lung transplant, risk stratification for lung transplant across the interstitial lung diseases, as well as general postoperative management details.","PeriodicalId":425067,"journal":{"name":"Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123963215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of miRNAs in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","authors":"K. Takagi, M. Yamakuchi, T. Hashiguchi, H. Inoue","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82771","url":null,"abstract":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a genetic heterogeneous disease with high mortality and poor prognosis. IPF is characterized by persistent fibroblasts and relentless accumulation of collagen matrix. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) contribute to the progression of the fibrotic process. There are some therapeutic drugs that delay this progress, but eradicative medicine does not exist yet. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded RNAs that regulate posttranscriptional silencing. Recent reports have shown that miRNAs play important roles in the development of IPF, as different expression levels of miRNAs in blood and lung tissue from IPF patients were closely associated with the occurrence of IPF disease. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of IPF. In particular, we will focus on the regulation of EMT/EndoMT by miRNAs.","PeriodicalId":425067,"journal":{"name":"Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132016242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","authors":"E. Danteș, E. Tudorache, M. Man","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84283","url":null,"abstract":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is known as one of the most severe lung conditions and the worst form of interstitial lung disease (ILD). There is a continu-ing concern about clinical research to identify new therapies that influence the quality of life in patients diagnosed with this chronic progressive pulmonary disease, with an average survival of 3–5 years. Although in recent years great progress has been made to slow down the functional decline of the disease with new antifibrotic therapies, it has failed to alter the prognosis and survival of IPF patients. Clinical tri-als and recent ATS/ERS guidelines have brought at least moderate and low levels of evidence for increased effort tolerance, decreased symptoms, and improved quality of life following participation in lung rehabilitation programs for ILD patients and in particular those with IPF. Pulmonary rehabilitation has been shown to be a standard of care for COPD patients, but their personalized application to patients with IPF has had positive short-term results, becoming a safe alternative to non-pharmacological treatment. The chapter includes the general objectives of rehabilitation programs, their type and structure, ways of complex assessment of patients before and after a training exercise, types of exercises, and short- and long-term results.","PeriodicalId":425067,"journal":{"name":"Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129773836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lung Transplantation: A Final Option for End-Stage Interstitial Lung Diseases","authors":"M. Fakhro, S. Lindstedt","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82788","url":null,"abstract":"Lung transplantation (LTx) is an established, well-recognized medical intervention for treating patients with an end-stage irreversible pulmonary disease. Such diseases include interstitial lung disease (ILD), where other standard medical options often have been proven as insufficient. Post-operative survival after LTx depends on various factors such as the general and organ-specific recipient status in addition to donor organ condition and operative technique. The prolonged survival rates obtained during the 1980s and 1990s have established LTx in the medical field. Reflecting the improvements made in the field of organ preservation, operative technique, immunosuppressants, recipient and donor organ selection and prophylactic as well as direct treatment in the wide spectrum of possible infections in the recipient. Despite LTx being the golden standard for treating end-stage irreversible ILD, with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) as the most common cause, postoperative outcome is greatly hampered compared to the outcome of other patient categories within LTx. This chapter will provide insight in the outcome of ILD and subsequently IFP after LTx.","PeriodicalId":425067,"journal":{"name":"Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125314730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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