Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America最新文献

The Visual Image as a Tool of Power 作为权力工具的视觉形象

Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0014

Leigh A. Payne, Hunter Johnson

{"title":"The Visual Image as a Tool of Power","authors":"Leigh A. Payne, Hunter Johnson","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The visual image is a powerful tool for mobilisation. This chapter identifies four key aspects behind its potency, each illustrated with contemporary and historical examples. First, the ‘medium is the message’ asserts that the photograph itself undermines the logic of the disappeared as ‘disposable peoples’. To be photographed is to be important, worth recording. The photo creates an emotional bond as the observer looks into the eyes of the missing person, a deep feeling, a sense of knowing. Second, ‘seeing is believing’: the visual image of the disappeared and disappearances validate, inform, confirm, and produce an inventory of disappearance. It thus challenges denial of the phenomenon. Third, the ‘disruption and emptiness’ of disappearance are marked by visual images. Chairs without students, bicycles without riders, silhouettes, photographs of family members who did not return home, appear in public spaces shocking out of complacency the false sense of safety disappearance happens to others – a kind of distancing that blames the victims for their own disappearance. Fourth, the visual image is a ‘weapon of the weak’, easy and inexpensive to reproduce and distribute widely -- locally and internationally -- to urge societies to see, to care, to help. The powerful tool of visual image is thus available to even the most marginalised in society to promote solidarity among victims and within broader, including international, communities. Through this tool, a deep personal story of loss is told that is shown to be not an isolated event, but a broader phenomenon. Visual image has the potential to correct misunderstanding of disappearances and to mobilise behind the demand for ‘never again’.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114168523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Letters for Santiago 给圣地亚哥的信

Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0010

Sergio Maldonado, Germán Maldonado, Stella Peloso, E. Maldonado

引用次数: 0

Using the International Criminal Court to Denounce Disappearances: Crimes against Humanity in Coahuila, Mexico 利用国际刑事法院谴责失踪:墨西哥科阿韦拉的反人类罪

Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0017

Michael W. Chamberlin

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Wilson’s Testimony: Abuse of Authority 威尔逊的证词:滥用权力

Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0012

Wilson

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Conclusions 结论

Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0020

Silvana Mandolessi

{"title":"Conclusions","authors":"Silvana Mandolessi","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"This book fills an important gap on research devoted to disappearances in democratic contexts. It connects present-day disappearances with ‘classic’ disappearances committed during Latin America’s past authoritarian regimes and armed conflicts. Through its conceptual framework, case studies and description of ‘tools,’ the book applies knowledge of the region’s past to explain today’s violations. The editors emphasise the continuities in the practice of disappearances between both periods, including its clandestine nature, its targeting of 'disposable' populations, its links to the political economy of development; and its utility in establishing social control through ambiguous loss. The book also urges a rethinking of the state’s responsibility for disappearances under international law. Instead of allowing states to deny accountability for disappearances by private actors, the book argues that, in contexts of impunity and generalized violence, the state’s failure to search or to investigate is enough to prove acquiescence. The book provides an insightful and multidimensional picture of the phenomenon, significantly contributing to an enhanced understanding of the multiple ways in which disappearances continue to occur in democratic countries. It also offers a toolbox of best practices for civil society actors who continue to fight against disappearances, in Latin America and beyond.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128227852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Forced Disappearances in the Inter-American Human Rights System 美洲人权系统中的强迫失踪

Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0018

S. Serrano

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State Violence in Brazil: Execution, Slaughter, and Disappearance in the Post-Authoritarian Era 巴西的国家暴力:后威权时代的处决、屠杀和消失

Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0008

J. Amadeo, Raiane Patrícia Severino Assumpção

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A New Generation of Disappearances: Gangs and the State in El Salvador 失踪的新一代:萨尔瓦多的帮派和政府

Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0013

M. Méndez

{"title":"A New Generation of Disappearances: Gangs and the State in El Salvador","authors":"M. Méndez","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Around 17,000 Salvadorans have disappeared in the third decade of the post-conflict period (2010-2020). This number more than doubles the estimated 8,000 people who disappeared during the Salvadoran Civil War (1980-1992). Despite its astounding scale, the phenomenon of disappearance in El Salvador has garnered little attention from the international community and has yet to be fully examined. This chapter redresses this invisibility by contrasting a top-down and a bottom-up view on the phenomenon. According to state government officials, disappearances primarily occur at the hands of the Mara Salvatrucha and Barrio 18 gangs. Those inhabiting the peripheries of El Salvador and suffering the deep psychological impact of having a missing relative also hold transnational gangs responsible. However, they connect the phenomenon to abuses by state forces and to complex entanglements between state agents and gangs. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in El Salvador in 2018, this chapter argues that the new generation of disappearances in El Salvador must be analysed in relation to a broader continuum of state violations and state-criminal relations. It also points to the crucial need to engage the perspectives of relatives of the disappeared to make fuller sense of the phenomenon","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122432975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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‘Urgent Actions’ for the Search for Disappeared Persons in the Specialised Bodies of the United Nations 联合国各专门机构寻找失踪人员的“紧急行动”

Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0016

R. Huhle

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Disappearances in Post-Transitional Argentina: A Challenge for Human Rights Interventions 阿根廷过渡时期后的失踪:对人权干预的挑战

Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America Pub Date : 2021-06-24 DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0011

Natalia Federman, Marcela Perelman, Michelle Comas, Gastón Chillier

{"title":"Disappearances in Post-Transitional Argentina: A Challenge for Human Rights Interventions","authors":"Natalia Federman, Marcela Perelman, Michelle Comas, Gastón Chillier","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims to evaluate and share the knowledge gained on disappearances in Argentina from the period of State Terrorism to the democratic context. The widespread enforced disappearances that took place under State Terrorism, and the cases of police brutality and disappearances that have occurred since the democratic transition, have prompted the authors to consider the contrasts and the continuities from the dictatorship (1976-1983) to the present period of democratic rule. Disappearances continue to occur in which the state is involved in some way, but these do not meet the strict legal definition of enforced disappearances. They are the result of the lack of extensive institutional reforms and the continuity of bureaucratic designs since the dictatorship ended. By analysing the cases of disappearances of Luciano Arruga in 2009 and Santiago Maldonado in 2017, the chapter demonstrates that contemporary disappearances respond to logics and dynamics different from those that occurred under the state-driven plan designed to eliminate political opponents. The narrative that emerged from that earlier period shaped both the Inter-American and International systems’ norms outlawing, preventing and punishing the use of enforced disappearances. In the current post-transition era, the unexplained absence of someone who is especially vulnerable to unlawful police practices strikes a sensitive chord and echoes the painful past. The authors challenge human rights activists to consider ways to revise the international human rights framework to develop the legal tools to respond to these disappearances in which state agencies are involved but in a different manner than in the past.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124611719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0