Revolutionary Russia最新文献

{"title":"The Polish Peasantry in Soviet Belarus: From the NEP to Collectivization (1924–1930)","authors":"A. Zamoiski","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2022.2171551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2022.2171551","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the Bolsheviks’ social and economic policies towards Polish rural communities in the Belarussian Soviet Socialist Republic (the BSSR) during the transition from the New Economic Policy (NEP) to forced collectivization. The article focuses on how the Soviet apparatus and its propaganda actively promoted kolkhozes among Polish peasants. To combat so-called bourgeois classes, the Soviet authorities methodically drove out Polish landlords and wealthy peasants from all forms of social and economic life. In 1930, during mass collectivization and so-called dekulakization, Polish families were subjected to deportation from Soviet Belarus. Forced collectivization also saw attacks on the Roman Catholic Church. The authorities established a few Polish collective farms to attract Polish peasants to collectivization, but they were not popular among the peasants.","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"35 1","pages":"266 - 285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47683800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Riga Treaty of 1921 and the Long Archival Negotiation","authors":"N. Borys","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2022.2156165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2022.2156165","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the negotiations for the restitution of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth archives to the Second Polish Republic by the Soviet Union as stipulated in the Riga Treaty of 1921. The Soviet authorities in the 1920s were in a weak position to negotiate advantageous conditions, and agreed to the restitution of all archives, libraries, and art collections looted after 1772, the year of the first partition of Poland. It was a huge number of archives to deliver. The Poles were effectively organized; they fought for every archival document, sending renowned experts and utilizing their networks in the Soviet Union. Less qualified and bound by the Riga Treaty, the Soviet authorities managed, nevertheless, to keep the most important archives, namely the Lithuanian and the Polish Crown Metrica, as well as the Kyiv Central Archives. Being financially ruined, the Soviet authorities proceeded to sort through the archives, removing all archival documents that could be used to further financial claims. The Poles, on the contrary, abandoned financial claims and proved to be skilful negotiators. These efforts demonstrated the importance of their looted archives and libraries as the heritage of the Polish nation at a time when the Polish state was being reconstituted.","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"35 1","pages":"206 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45409706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failing to Create Revolutionaries: Polish POWs in Soviet Captivity, 1920–21","authors":"P. Whitewood","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2023.2167686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2023.2167686","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the Bolshevik Party’s efforts to radicalize tens of thousands of Polish prisoners of war (POWs) held in makeshift prison camps across Soviet Russia in the aftermath of the Soviet-Polish War of 1919−20. The end goal was to create a new cadre of Polish revolutionaries to agitate for revolutionary change on repatriation. These propaganda efforts were almost entirely undermined by a series of everyday problems from rudimentary camp living conditions and violence against prisoners to disease and ineffective leadership by Soviet institutions. This article will show, however, that as part of these efforts, the Bolsheviks committed to safeguarding POW welfare, mirroring international standards set by the Hague conventions, even if this was primarily designed to better cultivate revolutionaries and was rarely met in practice. In a comparative sense, therefore, the everyday lives of Polish POWs and their management by Soviet authorities did not markedly differ from the POW experience across Europe, where other governments likewise made claims about safeguarding welfare and often failed to deliver. Contrary to existing interpretations of early Soviet POW camps, which present these as unique stepping-stones to the future Stalinist GULAG, this article shows stronger continuities with past practices.","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"35 1","pages":"185 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43011154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Our Work with the Masses is not Worth a Kopeck … ’: A Document Collection on German and Polish Rural Soviets in Ukraine during the NEP, 1923–1929","authors":"Amber Nickell","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2022.2127217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2022.2127217","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"35 1","pages":"286 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49432124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modernization on Empty Coffers: Polish Minority Institutions in Early Soviet Ukraine","authors":"Frank Grelka, Stephan Rindlisbacher","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2022.2140787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2022.2140787","url":null,"abstract":"After the Civil War, the Bolshevik government planned to mobilize the Soviet population on a voluntary basis and installed opportunities for local self-administration. Rural soviets were the most promising initiative. National minorities received particular attention. Western Soviet Ukraine with its Polish communities provides case studies for the practical impact of these ‘affirmative action’ policies. This article explores three configurations of Polish minority institutions: (a) neighbouring rural soviets close to an urban centre, (b) neighbouring rural soviets far from any urban centre and (c) isolated rural soviets far from any larger urban centre. Whereas small and poor Polish rural soviets could not function properly, bigger and financially better-equipped ones could improve their communal life by well-equipped community centres and minority schools. Yet despite the affirmative action propaganda, the state and party institutions drained the local self-administration of their financial surplus. With a few exceptions, they did not plan to invest sparse state funds into the development of a particular Soviet Polish culture. This lack of financial commitment combined with the Polish communities’ resilience against atheist initiatives from above led the communist organizations within the rural soviets such as KNW, Komsomol, and the Pioneers to complete failure. The subsequent disappointment within the party paved the way for ideas of forced collectivization.","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"35 1","pages":"247 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41507402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colleen Lucey. Love for Sale: Representing Prostitution in Imperial Russia","authors":"LeiAnna X. Hamel","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2022.2127214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2022.2127214","url":null,"abstract":"Whites and Reds. Before and after 1917, the West provided the ideal paradigm for consumption. In the late tsarist period, this led to the establishment of a wine industry that sought to transform popular taste and put Russia on the map as an upstart wine powerhouse. It also fuelled peculiar events, such as Kovalevskii’s fight against grafting with American rootstock in order to keep Russia’s wines more European than their European counterparts (though this was and remains the only worthwhile treatment for phylloxera). Later, Soviet officials took up the charge of providing Western-style luxury to socialist consumers, promising ample meat and dairy, chocolate, sparkling wine, and exotic luxuries. Just as the tsarist and Soviet wine industries tended, in Bittner’s terms, to be ‘imitative’, so did the aspirations of related spheres from food packing to fine dining. Yet the key here is to keep in mind the ways in which Soviet officialdom, in particular, sought to put its own mark on this ideal world of consumption. While imitating the West in terms of variety, quantity, and quality, Soviet standards would rise above them morally: Soviet citizens would be able to enjoy their sausages and champagne unfettered by the degradation and inequality embedded in the capitalist system. We might hear eerie echoes of this in our current moment, as Russian officials inveigh against Western immorality while Russian business hastily patches holes in the consumer landscape created by the flight of companies such as McDonald’s. Smith and Bittner thus do more than invite readers into the past worlds of Russian and Soviet comestibles; they work to sharpen our view of the current strange and troubling moment.","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"35 1","pages":"299 - 301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43514242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novomu cheloveku – novaia smert’? Pokhoronnaia kul’tura rannego SSSR","authors":"Dmitrii Ivanov","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2022.2127222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2022.2127222","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"35 1","pages":"306 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46280544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the Polish Vector in Soviet History and Politics","authors":"Olena Palko, P. Whitewood","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2022.2155442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2022.2155442","url":null,"abstract":"In 1918, newly-established Poland and Bolshevik Russia became Eastern Europe’s main rivals. The Bolsheviks regarded Poland as the biggest threat to their plans of spreading revolution to the West, whereas Poland strove to restore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth within its pre-1772 borders, which would include large parts of Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania. Existential ideological tensions coupled with overlapping territorial claims for the borderlands made a military confrontation between Warsaw and Moscow inevitable. It comes as no surprise, therefore, that Polish-Soviet relations of the interwar period were determined by war. Following the armistice of 11 November 1918, Vladimir Lenin annulled the highly unfavourable Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and began seeking opportunities to recover former imperial territories. In the meantime, the Polish Army seized most of Lithuania, including its capital Vilnius/Wilno, and Belarus, and took control over most of western Ukraine, continuing its victorious eastward offensive all the way up to Kyiv. The Red Army’s counterattack pushed the Polish forces back to Warsaw, only to withdraw and eventually sue for peace in 1921. Although direct military conflict ended on 18 March 1921 with the signing of the Treaty of Riga between Poland, Soviet Russia, and Soviet Ukraine, it did not provide a lasting peace. The resultant border split apart the territories populated predominantly by Ukrainians and Belarusians, providing the ideological justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939 at the beginning of the Second World War, and the subsequent incorporation of these territories into Soviet Ukraine and Belarus. War also provides a framework for studying Polish-Soviet relations. The 1919–21 war, in particular, remains a key focus for academic studies, ranging from military and diplomatic accounts to social and cultural histories of the border zones. Polish-Ukrainian relations of the period present a separate scholarly sub-field, with the key themes spanning the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918–19, the Polish-Ukrainian rapprochement of 1920, the Polish-Ukrainian anti-Bolshevik military alliance, and the fate of the","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"35 1","pages":"177 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43905217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Path to the Soviet Nation: The Policy of Belarusization","authors":"Olena Palko","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2022.2127223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2022.2127223","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"35 1","pages":"292 - 294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41353675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Policing Prostitution: Regulating the Lower Classes in Late Imperial Russia","authors":"Colleen Lucey","doi":"10.1080/09546545.2022.2127215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2022.2127215","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42121,"journal":{"name":"Revolutionary Russia","volume":"35 1","pages":"301 - 303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44106402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}