{"title":"New Amendments to California's Proposition 65: Warning Requirements Effective August 30, 2018","authors":"Scott Thistle","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3214907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3214907","url":null,"abstract":"New Amendments to California's Proposition 65 regulations will impact clients that manufacture, package, import, supply, or distribute products that may end up being sold in California, where those products are subject to the warning requirements of Proposition 65. Over my years of practice, I have had multiple clients headquartered in Pennsylvania or regionally that manufacture, distribute, or sell products needing to comply with Proposition 65, and so closely follow Proposition 65 developments. California's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, a/k/a \"Proposition 65,\" Cal. Health & Safety Code §§ 25249.5-25249.14, is a law passed in 1986 as a result of a voter referendum. It seeks to protect the State's drinking water sources from contamination by chemicals determined by the State to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm, and it requires businesses to inform consumers about exposures to such chemicals via contact with consumer products sold in California, or via occupational or environmental exposure. The Proposition and its implementing regulations require the State of California to update annually a list of chemicals that the State has determined to cause cancer or reproductive harm. The List currently contains some 900 chemicals.","PeriodicalId":417637,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Water Pollution (Water) (Topic)","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114354870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pollution Control Effort at China&Apos;S River Borders: When Does Free Riding Cease?","authors":"Matthew E. Kahn, Pei Li, Daxuan Zhao","doi":"10.3386/w19620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w19620","url":null,"abstract":"At political boundaries, local leaders often have weak incentives to reduce polluting activity because the social costs are borne by downstream neighbors. This paper exploits a natural experiment set in China in which the central government changed the local political promotion criteria and hence incentivized local officials to reduce border pollution along specific criteria. Using a difference in difference approach, we document evidence of pollution progress with respect to targeted criteria at river boundaries. Other indicators of water quality, not targeted by the central government, do not improve after the regime shift. Using data on the economic geography of key industrial water polluters, we explore possible mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":417637,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Water Pollution (Water) (Topic)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121674478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Water Quality Trading When Nonpoint Pollution Loads are Stochastic","authors":"Gaurav Ghosh, J. Shortle","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1620502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1620502","url":null,"abstract":"We compare two tradable permit markets in their ability to meet a stated environmental target at least cost when some polluters have stochastic and non-measurable emissions. The environmental target is of the safety-first type, which requires probabilistic emissions control. One market is built around the trading ratio, which defines the substitution rate between stochastic and deterministic pollution, and is modeled on existing markets for water quality trading. The other market is built around a new definition of the pollution credit as a multi-attribute good, where the attributes supply information to the market on the environmental risks associated with stochastic pollution loads. The market with multi-attribute credits is found to out-perform the trading ratio market in its ability to satisfy the safety-first environmental target at least cost. This result comes about because polluters are able to directly price risk in this market. In the trading ratio market risk is not a factor in polluters' trading decisions and is only controlled, through the trading ratio, under highly restrictive conditions.","PeriodicalId":417637,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Water Pollution (Water) (Topic)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114766170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}