{"title":"Biodiversity","authors":"N. Randall, Barbara M. Smith","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses biodiversity in farming systems, including a consideration of the ecological importance of non-agricultural habitats within farm systems. The chapter outlines patterns of biodiversity in space and time, as well as at varying levels (genetic, organismal, landscape), before exploring the impact of agriculture on biodiversity at local, regional, and global scales. Farmland is an artificial environment, often characterized by monocultures grown at a density that differs from natural growth patterns. This can generate instability, resistance to environmental change, susceptibility to pests, pollution, and impacts on other ecosystem services such as soil and water. The chapter ends with a discussion of the biological implications of continued agricultural change (e.g. specialization, intensification).","PeriodicalId":417335,"journal":{"name":"The Biology of Agroecosystems","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121071051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Agricultural Environments","authors":"N. Randall, Barbara M. Smith","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the origin and historical development of global agriculture. Agricultural systems around the world are extremely diverse, but all involve the management of land for the production of food and other commodities. Agroecosystems encompass a wide variety of production systems, both within and between different regions, and different classifications are used to order these. Characteristics and classifications of some major types of contemporary agricultural systems are introduced. The difference between agricultural and natural (or alternatively managed) ecosystems and farmed versus unfarmed habitats on agricultural land is explored, and examples of each are provided. Some of the impacts of agriculture on wider ecosystems are introduced.","PeriodicalId":417335,"journal":{"name":"The Biology of Agroecosystems","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122334477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Future Perspectives","authors":"N. Randall, Barbara M. Smith","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This final chapter explores the future challenges for agroecosystem biology. Factors such as population growth and the requirement for increased agricultural production are considered, alongside environmental factors such as climate change. The chapter explores the potential encroachment of new farmland into natural habitats and the limiting factors for agricultural growth (such as land and water availability). The use of new developments to overcome these limiting factors to agricultural growth is discussed. The chapter concludes with consideration of the potential biological impacts of further expansion and change to global agriculture, and of the implications of agricultural management on biological and other environmental factors.","PeriodicalId":417335,"journal":{"name":"The Biology of Agroecosystems","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122476597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Soils","authors":"N. Randall, Barbara M. Smith","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter gives a basic introduction to soil formation and fundamental soil processes in agroecosystems. The types of soils found in agroecosystems and their importance for agriculture is explored, with a principal focus on soil biodiversity, i.e. soil-dwelling organisms, their variety and function, and the interaction between soil biology, agriculture, and food production. The chapter describes some of the issues associated with soils in agroecosystems. These include interactions between agricultural practices and soil erosion and soil quality issues such as salinization and desertification. The major challenges to maintaining ‘healthy’ soils on productive land are outlined, and approaches and techniques for managing soils described.","PeriodicalId":417335,"journal":{"name":"The Biology of Agroecosystems","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133992742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Water (Hydrology)","authors":"N. Randall, Barbara M. Smith","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the biological impacts of water use and pollution related to agricultural systems. Topics include drainage, irrigation, water harvesting, and the water cycle (e.g. under polytunnels and greenhouses) and how management of water for agriculture links with biology. Water availability as a limiting factor for agriculture is discussed, particularly in relation to arid areas (e.g. salinization, biological impacts of collecting water for storage for agriculture in arid areas). Outputs from agriculture and potential biological impacts are also explored (e.g. nitrates, phosphates, pesticides, bacterial pathogens, sediment in water). Potential management tools for water use and protection in relation to farming are introduced.","PeriodicalId":417335,"journal":{"name":"The Biology of Agroecosystems","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126953312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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