{"title":"Looking Outward","authors":"Michelle Murray","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190878900.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878900.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the rise of the United States to world power status and hegemony in the Western Hemisphere at the turn of the twentieth century. It argues that America’s decision to “turn outward” and establish an imperial presence in the world embodied the recognitive practices constitutive of world power status. Specifically, American leaders envisioned that a powerful naval capability and sphere of influence in the Western Hemisphere would be the backbone of its national greatness on the world stage and lead the established powers to recognize its position among the system’s world powers. The fragility of the United States’s aspiring social identity and the importance of British recognition to that identity became apparent during the Venezuelan Crisis, when the United States initiated an international crisis over its right to become involved in hemispheric disputes. The crisis was defused when British leaders engaged in recognitive speech acts that constructed a shared, Anglo-Saxon identity, which would become the foundation for cooperation between the two adversaries. These recognitive speech acts expressed a normative acceptance of American power and legitimated its status among the world powers.","PeriodicalId":417284,"journal":{"name":"The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121569287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Struggle for Recognition","authors":"Michelle Murray","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190878900.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190878900.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter clarifies the relationship between recognition and state identity formation in international anarchy, highlighting the effects of social uncertainty in this process. Acts of recognition are constructive of a state’s identity, providing it with the authority it needs to act in ways that are consistent with its self-understanding and endowing it with a recognized social status in the international order. This inherently social process of identity formation is deeply uncertain because states can never discern beforehand the recognition responses of other states and as a result state interaction is fraught with the danger of misrecognition. In response to this ongoing social uncertainty, states attempt to take independent control over the meaning of their identities by grounding them in concrete material practices. As an effective expression of an identity, the material world gives substance to the recognition-seeking state’s aspiring social identity and allows it to experience its social status as a brute fact, rather than as the uncertain effect of an ongoing political practice of social construction.","PeriodicalId":417284,"journal":{"name":"The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134554156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recognition and Rapprochement","authors":"Michelle Murray","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190878900.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190878900.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores how the United States’ growing power and expansionist foreign policy came to be viewed as legitimate, thereby constructing its peaceful rise to world power status. It argues that the acts of recognition that emerged during the Venezuelan Crisis expressed a normative acceptance of American power and were routinized so as to structure Anglo-American relations at the turn of the twentieth century. Specifically, during the Spanish–American War British leaders—drawing from the recognitive speech acts that defined the Anglo-Saxon collective identity—restrained the European great powers from becoming involved in the war, enabling the United States to establish a sphere of influence in the Caribbean and an imperial presence in the Pacific. Likewise, the negotiations between Britain and the United States over the Isthmian Canal highlight the importance of mutual recognition in sustaining a peaceful power transition. The chapter shows how acts of recognition contributed to the social construction of the United States as a legitimate power, despite its aggressive and expansionist foreign policy.","PeriodicalId":417284,"journal":{"name":"The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116308473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Social Construction of Revisionism","authors":"Michelle Murray","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190878900.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878900.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter develops a social theory of great power status competition rooted in the struggle for recognition. It argues that great power status—in all its variants—is a kind of state identity, and as a result rising powers need to obtain recognition from the established powers to secure their position in the international order. Consistent with the logic of the struggle for recognition, rising powers adhere to a specific set of recognitive practices—great power voice, exemplary military power, and spheres of influence—that are designed to reduce social uncertainty and give the illusion that the rising power’s social status is not dependent on other states’ recognition responses. When a rising power is recognized by the established powers, its use of these recognitive practices is deemed legitimate and the power transition is peaceful. If the rising power is misrecognized, a self-fulfilling prophecy is set into motion whereby its growing power and assertive foreign policy are perceived to be for revisionist purposes and thus must be contained by the established powers. Revisionism, in this view, is not an intrinsic property of states, but rather is socially constructed through a rising power’s interactions with the established powers.","PeriodicalId":417284,"journal":{"name":"The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132585018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recognition Refused","authors":"Michelle Murray","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190878900.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190878900.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores how Imperial Germany came to be viewed by the established European powers as a revisionist power. It argues that as Germany became more uncertain about its status in the international order, its fear of misrecognition increased and in response it turned to the recognitive practices constitutive of world power status to ameliorate its growing social insecurity. Specifically, Germany’s fear of misrecognition sustained the Anglo-German naval race, making a naval understanding impossible despite repeated British attempts at negotiating an arms control agreement. Moreover, the fear of misrecognition and experience of disrespect led Germany into a second confrontation with Britain over the independent status of Morocco during the Agadir Crisis. Germany’s belligerent foreign policy and willingness to risk war over matters not of vital interest led the European great powers to increasingly view Germany as a revisionist state whose power needed to be contained. The chapter shows how the experience of humiliation drove German foreign policy, contributing to its construction as a revisionist power and destabilizing the international order in the years before the First World War.","PeriodicalId":417284,"journal":{"name":"The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122128392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}