Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"State-of-the-art potential of the GRACE satellite mission for solving modern hydrological problems","authors":"N. Frolova, V. Y. Grigorev, I. Krylenko, E. Zakharova","doi":"10.21638/SPBU07.2021.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/SPBU07.2021.107","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents main results of GRACE mission using in such fields of study as estimations of components of basins water storage and water balance, hydrological modeling. It is shown that error of GRACE data is of the order 11 mm for watersheds with area about 100 000 km2 and decreasing with increasing of basin area. This accuracy made it possible to identify long-term and seasonal water storage. It is shown, that decreasing of total water storage in the Don basin for 2002–2019 is approximately equally caused by both soil moisture and groundwater changes. At the same time, minimum of groundwater was already reached in 2010, and soil moisture in 2015. Since 2016, Don basin groundwater changes a little during the winter period that is due, probably, with increase number of thaws and thinning of the freezing layer during this period. By the data of meteorological stations for the precipitation of cold period for the European Russia the value of their systematic error was estimated, it is about 20-25%. The comparison of the values of total water storage for the river basins of the north part of European part of Russia, according GRACE data and ECOMAG runoff modeling results has shown their good coincidence (NSE =0.78 0.89). In comparison with GRACE, ECOMAG shows a smaller increase in water storage during the winter and a faster decline during spring flood period. Currently, progress in the use of GRACE in hydrology is limited by low spatial-temporal resolution of data, which, within the framework of the GRACE mission itself, will not be improved in the coming years. At the same time, the principle of GRACE operation can be applied in future to various satellite constellations.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78202590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogical features of gold of the Permian conglomerates of the Sololiy uplift of the Olenek high (Northeastern Siberian platform)","authors":"B. Gerasimov, R. Zhelonkin, Makhmutyan G. Mukhamedyarov","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2021.308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2021.308","url":null,"abstract":"Typomorphic features of placer gold of conglomerates of the Ortokinskaya formation of the Early Permian age (P1or) of the Sololiy Uplift of the Olenek High and modern channel alluvium of the Ortoku Eekit river, which drains these deposits, are studied. It is found that extremely heterogeneous composition and complex inner structure are typical features of the vast majority of gold of the Permian conglomerates. There are several stages of different fineness (from 251‰ to 999‰) within a single gold particle, as a result, gold has a mosaic-block inner structure. It is proposed that such heterogeneity is formed due to epigenetic transformations of primary medium-grade gold in an intermediate reservoir of the Permian age, and also under influence of superposed hydrothermal mineralization with low-grade gold, related to the processes of the Mesozoic tectonomagmatic activation. The latter is indicated by the discovery of impregnated gold-sulfide mineralization in the Permian conglomerates. Ore mineralization is represented by gold, silver, pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, argentite, native tin, and barite. Association mineralization to thin tectonic zones of conglomerate fragmentation, suggests that superposed gold-sulfide hydrothermal mineralization of impregnated type was formed as a result of manifestations of the Mesozoic tectonomagmatic activation, when gold-bearing hydrothermal solutions migrated in faults. It is determined that auriferous conglomerates of the Ortokinskaya formation of the Permian age were major sources of placer gold of modern alluvium in the studied part of the Ortoku Eekit.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86631038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismotectonics of Armenia: main problems","authors":"R. Sargsyan, K. Ghazaryan, V. Burmin","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2021.310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2021.310","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the main problems in the existing researches on the seismotectonics of the territory of Armenia. A review was conducted on certain issues related to the accuracy of the initial seismological data, the problem of identifying possible focal zones of strong earthquakes, and the probabilistic assessment of the seismic hazard of the territory of Armenia. As the results of numerous studies show, the initial seismological data from catalogs and bulletins are characterized by their heterogeneity. Different observation systems and different methods of seismological data processing have led to the fact that when visualizing the spatial distribution of earthquake epicenters on the territory of Armenia, during the instrumental period of observations, an artificially lattice network of epicenters is obtained, which does not agree in any way with the fault tectonics of the territory. During the stud of distribution of earthquake hypocenters by depth, the discrete nature of their distribution was revealed. There is also a number of disadvantages in the area of allocation of focal zones of strong earthquakes. The main part of the conducted research was mainly based on data on previously recorded strong seismic events, as well as on data on historical earthquakes, as a result, for the most part of the studied territory, in fact, no research was conducted. In addition, there are relevant questions about the tectonic basis used in these studies. The last group of problems concerns the probabilistic assessment of the seismic hazard of the territory of Armenia. It is shown that in the existing works, there are quite a lot of unsubstantiated assumptions.Based on the analysis, it is concluded that in the field of seismotectonic studies of the territory of Armenia, there are a number of urgent tasks that require priority solutions.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87200563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring of stable isotopes (δ2H, δ18O) in precipitations of Moscow city (Russia): comparison for 2005–2014 and 1970–1979 periods","authors":"N. N. Zykin, I. Tokarev, N. Vinograd","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2021.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2021.405","url":null,"abstract":"The isotopic composition of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) of atmospheric precipitation in Moscow in 2005–2014 was studied by sampling single precipitations (a total of 842 measurements after rejection of unreliable samples). A comparison is made with similar studies carried out by VSEGINGEO and IVP RAS for the IAEA-WMO GNIP network in 1969–1979, when monthly average samples were taken by the accumulation method (61 pair determinations of deuterium and oxygen-18, mainly in 1975–1979). The 2005–2015 series is reduced to a similar form for the 1969–1979 series, recalculated through the data on the volume of precipitation at the nearest meteorological station. It was found that in the last decade there has been a significant change in the equation of the local line of meteoric waters, which for the first period had the form δ2H = 6.09×δ18O – 23.0 ‰ (R2 = 0.87), and is currently described by the relation δ2H = 6.93×δ18O – 11.3 ‰ (R2 = 0.944). There is also a decrease in depletion of the average values of δ2H and δ18O, compared with the first observation period, which apparently reflects the course of climatic changes. At the same time, within each of the periods, a negative (albeit relatively small) slope of the line of approximation of chronological data is noted. Deuterium excess naturally changes seasonally, taking negative values in summer, primarily due to non-equilibrium fractionation during evaporation. In 2005–2014, the temperature dependence of the isotopic composition of precipitation changed significantly in comparison with 1969–1979, which makes it impossible to reconstruct the composition of precipitation in the past from meteorological observations.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74675183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The experience of using the mobile phone data in economic geographical researches in foreign","authors":"R. Babkin","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2021.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2021.301","url":null,"abstract":"The era of \"Big data\" and the emergence of new sources of geo-information, including mobile phone data, have provided fundamentally new opportunities for research on many socio-economic processes. Compared to traditional statistical sources, mobile phone data has many unique features and advantages that attract scientists from various fields of knowledge. Extensive experience in the use of technologies for collecting and processing spatial information from mobile phones over the past 15 years has led to interest in them in order to improve demographic statistics, transport planning, analysis of settlement systems, tourism statistics, study of human behavior and emergency monitoring. The article demonstrates various cases of using mobile operator data in scientific and applied research in these areas using examples of foreign works. Foreign practice of using data from mobile operators demonstrates how data analysis can complement the results of censuses and population registers, allowing you to move from static to dynamic consideration of the settlement system. The combination of mobile telephony data with traditional statistics, as well as other types of \"Big data\", such as remote sensing, helps to improve the spatial and temporal resolution of geo-information in the study of demographic and socio-economic processes. At the same time, it can be observed that the potential use of this data source is not limited to supplementing the system of existing statistical indicators, but includes the creation of new socio-economic indicators. At the same time, the long-standing problem of national statistics lagging behind the leading countries of Europe and the United States can be largely offset by the incorporation of \"Big data\" into research practice.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89276921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial relationships of the local community (the case of the village Pronino, Vesiegonsky district, Tver region)","authors":"Ilya Smirnov, D. Vinogradov, A. I. Alekseev","doi":"10.21638/SPBU07.2021.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/SPBU07.2021.203","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to topical issues of the study of population migration at the local level. On the example of a specific rural settlement — the village of Pronino, Vesyegonsky district — the spatial relations of the rural community are considered. The article gives a comprehensive description of the village of Pronino over the past 150 years. The influence of the geographical factor on the development of the settlement is estimated, specialization is analyzed, and trends in demographic development are considered. A relationship is established between the evolution of the functions of a settlement and the change in its population. Based on the data from field studies, the real ties of local residents with other settlements and regions are analyzed. Most of the inhabitants of Pronino are natives of the village and the surrounding settlements. A completely opposite picture is observed in the distribution of Pronino inhabitants’ children who move. Most of the children moved to St. Petersburg or Vesyegonsk. In recent years, migration trends have changed, and more and more children of local residents choose the regional capital — Tver. The geography of subscribers of the virtual community of the village of Pronino in the social network VKontakte largely reflects the real spatial relations Most of the community’s subscribers live in St. Petersburg; in second place, the district center, Vesyegonsk; in third place, Tver. A comparison of field research data and data from social networks allowed us to conclude that the virtual mobility of the rural population has spatial trends almost the same as real ones. Particular attention is paid to the seasonal migration of the population, using a survey of summer residents who identified their permanent residence and the main reasons for choosing Pronino. The survey data confirmed the hypothesis that the target users of the “distant summer cottages” are natives of these settlements.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91050206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mismanaged space: planning and policymaking in the context of depopulation in Ivanovskaya oblast","authors":"E. Batunova, M. Gunko, A. Medvedev","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2021.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2021.302","url":null,"abstract":"Since the second half of the twentieth century, cities and regions worldwide have experienced depopulation due to the global economic and social transformation. Aging and natural population decline have become characteristic for Russia already in the late-Soviet period. In addition, the transition from state socialism to neoliberal capitalism with a change in rationality of economic development and governance has led to an intensification of internal migration flows. Against this background, the aim of the current lies in a comparative analysis of the main trends in the transformation of the regional settlement system and the response to these transformations proposed by the regional and municipal planning and policy in Russia. The research is carried out based on the example of Ivanovskaya oblast. By analyzing statistical and remote sensing data, the study highlights the general negative demographic trends in the region, intra-regional differences in these trends, as well as the results of their impact on the transformation of the settlement pattern. Content analysis of normative documents allows revealing features of official policymaking and planning agenda at regional and municipal levels, which determine territorial development in the context of depopulation. Based on the results of the content analysis, the following conclusions are drawn. First, there seem to be an incomplete or simplified understanding of dynamics, causes, and consequences of depopulation both at the regional and municipal levels. Second, coordination between different levels of governance in managing depopulation appears to be insufficient. Third, regional authorities do not seem to “accept” the current demographic situation as the basic condition for forming long-term scenario of the region’s development.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91315307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The change in carbonate state and other properties in chronosequences of abandoned soils in different parent rocks in the reserve «Galich'ia Gora» in the Lipetsk oblast","authors":"A. Bulysheva, O. Khokhlova, N. Bakunovich, A. Rusakov, T. Myakshina","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2021.306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2021.306","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the change in the properties of Haplic Chernozems (Aric) on loesslike loams and Сalcaric Phaeozems (Aric) on Paleogene, Neogene red-colored sands with limestone eluvium of the Lipetsk region when they are transferred from cropland to fallow. The main attention is focused on the change in the carbonate status of soils. According to the results of the study, it was found that the transformation of both types of soils formed on different rocks obeys a single trend. Carbonates in Chernozems during their stay in fallow are washed down the profile; stable forms of carbonate pedofeatures gradually disappear. The content and stocks of carbonate carbon in the 0-200 cm layer in Haplic Chernozems (Aric) decrease by 27.5 t/ha by 25 years of fallow state. In Сalcaric Phaeozems (Aric), changes in the carbonate status are less pronounced; nevertheless, it was found that in the arable soil on the fragments of limestone, secondary carbonate films in the form of acicular calcite are formed on top of clay films, which was not observed in the abandoned soils. When the soil is in the fallow, the physical and mechanical properties of the soil improve: the structure of the arable horizons is improved, density decreases. The organic carbon content is reduced. This is an atypical result of postagrogenic transformation of Haplic Chernozems (Aric). In the fallow soils of other regions of steppe and forest-steppe, we observed the process of accumulation of organic carbon. The decrease in soil organic carbon while in the fallow is associated with the use of soil-saving technologies for agricultural use. The radiocarbon age of humus in subsurface horizons increases when soil is in the fallow. The radiocarbon age of carbonates in soils varies depending on the amount of lithogenic calcite inclusion.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76244205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Russia's Arctic Facade: current state, challenges of uneven development and priority public policy measures","authors":"A. Pilyasov, A. Poturaeva","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2021.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2021.406","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study is due to the special geostrategic significance for Russia of its Arctic facade - the coastal Arctic. The aim of the study is to strengthen Russia's sovereignty over its Arctic spaces through neutralizing the challenges of the over-uneven development of the municipalities included in the Arctic facade. The information base of the research was the data of municipal statistics, and the main methods were the systemic and structural approach, comparative, cartographic analysis, analysis of extreme cases and economic intermunicipal gaps. The results of the research: we determined the composition of the Russian Arctic facade; we made assessment of the location of the Arctic façade in the Russian Federation; we determined the degree of specialization of each of the eight regions in the provision of \"services\" of façade; we revealed major paradoxes of the internal development of the Arctic facade - between its gigantic size and the concentration of the main industrial and agricultural activity in the Arctic of one or two regions, the dichotomy of rotational areas - the poles of resource growth and areas of traditional activity of old-timers and indigenous minorities; thousandfold contrasts in the level of economic and investment development between leaders (Norilsk industrial area, Purovsky, Tazovsky, Nadym districts) and outsiders (Chukotka, Allaikhovsky, Mezensky districts); within the city districts, two extreme cases were revealed according to the key indicators of municipal statistics - the \"corporate city\" of Norilsk and the territory of defense significance - Novaya Zemlya; organizational, financial, institutional and informational measures were proposed to smooth out internal differences in the development of the territories of the Arctic façade: cross-subsidization from leading territories to outsider territories, improving the administrative-territorial division, turning Norilsk into a base for the development of the Russian eastern Arctic, creating a trans-Arctic charter flight Murmansk -Anadyr and sites for the exchange of best practices and practices between the municipalities of the Arctic facade.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84728517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The concept of ecological carrying capacity: current state and algorithm of assessment for different types of tourist areas","authors":"O. Klimanova, Eugeniy Yu. Kolbowsky, O. A. Illarionova, Dmitriy Yu. Zemlyansky","doi":"10.21638/spbu07.2021.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2021.409","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of capacity, traditional for classical ecology, in the context of sustainable development has also been used to assess the prospects for the development of sustainable tourism in the territory, it is also included in the Strategy for the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2035. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the existing domestic and foreign approaches to the assessment of environmental capacity and to develop on their basis algorithms for assessing capacity for different tourist areas. The analysis of the transformation of the existing methods of assessing environmental capacity, used in Russian and foreign practice since the 1970s, allowed, first, to identify the similarities and differences of scientific and practical approaches to solving this problem, and secondly, to identify the most valuable developments of world practice that are relevant to the Russian reality. Modern ideas about carrying capacity indicate the flexibility and multivariance of this concept, its dependence on both the natural properties of the territory and the types of recreational activities, as well as the degree of satisfaction of the recreational expectations of the tourist. The article proposes a universal algorithm for determining the ecological capacity for different types of tourist areas, based on the assessment of its technogenic and recreational components. The division into two components is fundamental for the methodology, since technogenic capacity is largely regulated by various provisions of existing legislation (codes, regulations, sanitary norms and rules), the indicators of compliance with which are evaluated by normalization and assignment of expert points, and recreational capacity, to a greater extent, depends on the properties of the territory and recreational activities. Among the environmental factors determining tourism capacity factors relating to environmental risks (such as fire hazard, the entropy of the relief, the likelihood of adverse exogenous geodynamic processes), and factors influencing the environment-stabilizing potential of the area (urbanization, plowed, and their) are included in the assessment. The methodology is being tested for two types of tourist territories – the Kenozersky National Park and the Greater Yalta region.","PeriodicalId":41676,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences","volume":"3 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85116367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}