Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0042
J. Bueno
{"title":"The Immunocompromised Patient: AIDS","authors":"J. Bueno","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0042","url":null,"abstract":"Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that results in decreased immunity and favors infectious or neoplastic conditions. The onset of clinical AIDS is defined by a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3 or CD4 cells < 14% of all leukocytes in an HIV-positive patient, even in the absence of opportunistic infections. Imaging abnormalities in HIV(+) should be correlated with the CD4 count to narrow the differential diagnosis. Diffuse ground glass opacities (GGO) on CT in a patient with AIDS and hypoxemia, is virtually diagnostic of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). CT is indicated in HIV(+) patients with respiratory symptoms and normal chest radiographs. Suspect tuberculosis (TB) in patients with advanced AIDS and low CD4 counts presenting with consolidation and lymphadenopathy. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) may simulate cardiogenic pulmonary edema on imaging and should be suspected in patients without clinical evidence of edema.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131131421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0047
R. Benson
{"title":"Lung Cancer: Atelectasis and Consolidation","authors":"R. Benson","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0047","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter titled atelectasis and consolidation discusses these specific manifestations of lung cancer. Patients with lung cancer can present with postobstructive atelectasis and/or pneumonia secondary to centrally obstructive neoplasms. Typical central primary lung cancers are squamous cell and small cell carcinomas. Atelectasis may be sublobar, lobar or may involve the entire lung. Lobar atelectasis may exhibit the S-sign of Golden or the luftsichel sign, which suggest underlying malignancy and require further evaluation with chest CT or bronchoscopy. Central lung cancers may also manifest with postobstructive lipoid pneumonia, typically without active infection. In addition, some adenocarcinomas may manifest with imaging features of consolidation due to replacement of alveolar airspaces by tumor. Therefore, consolidations in adults should be followed to complete radiographic resolution to exclude underlying malignancy.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115590154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0023
C. Raptis
{"title":"Nontraumatic Thoracic Aorta","authors":"C. Raptis","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Chest pain represents one of the most common reasons for emergency department visits. Imaging often plays a key role in the patient’s care. Diseases of the media (aortic dissection, intramural hematoma (IMH) and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU)) have been grouped under the term acute aortic syndrome. Other conditions may be seen in patients suspected of an acute aortic syndrome, including thoracic aortic aneurysm, aortic fistula, aortic thrombus and vasculitis. Radiologists must be familiar with the spectrum of these entities to help triage patients appropriately and efficiently. Understanding the imaging findings and proper measurement techniques allow the radiologist to suggest the most appropriate next management step.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123946877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0052
T. Ternes
{"title":"Hamartoma and Benign Tumor-like Lesions","authors":"T. Ternes","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0052","url":null,"abstract":"Pulmonary hamartomas are benign neoplasms comprised of various mesenchymal components. The presence of chondroid calcification (popcorn appearance) and/or macroscopic fat can be diagnostic of hamartoma. Very slow growth is an expected finding. Treatment of pulmonary hamartoma is usually conservative. Surgical resection can be considered if the CT findings are nondiagnostic, if biopsy is inconclusive, or if the lesion demonstrates rapid growth. Surgery should also be considered in patients with central lesions and postobstructive atelectasis or infection. Hamartomas account for the majority of benign lung neoplasms. Other benign neoplasms occurring in the lungs and airways include lipoma, chondroma, and leiomyoma and are very rare. If a pulmonary chondroma is diagnosed, additional investigation should be considered to exclude concurrent leiomyosarcoma and extraadrenal paraganglioma (Carney Triad).","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116628424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0026
C. Raptis
{"title":"Pulmonary Hypertension","authors":"C. Raptis","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined as a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >25 mm Hg. Patients tend to present with nonspecific symptoms centered on worsening dyspnea. The causes of PH are classified according to the Dana Point classification which groups causes of PH based on shared pathophysiology and treatments. In the initial work up of patients with PH, the goal of imaging is determine if there are findings of PH and to look for clues to the underlying cause so that patients are treated appropriately. MRI can be useful in the follow up of patients with PH, as it can evaluate for changes in the right ventricle.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"397 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123537744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0032
Christopher M Walker
{"title":"Pleural Neoplasms","authors":"Christopher M Walker","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0032","url":null,"abstract":"Pleural neoplasms discusses the radiographic and computed tomography (CT) manifestations of primary and secondary pleural neoplasms. Four CT features suggest malignant pleural thickening including nodular pleural thickening, circumferential pleural thickening, pleural thickening measuring greater than 1 cm in thicknesss, and thickening of the mediastinal pleural surface. The most common pleural malignancy is metastatic disease, generally from adenocarcinomas of the lung, breast, or gastrointestinal tract. Thymoma may spread to the pleura via direct extension or drop metastases. Mesothelioma is uncommon but is the most common primary pleural malignancy and is almost universally associated with asbestos exposure. It manifests with rind-like pleural thickening which may involve interlobar fissures and often causes volume loss in the affected hemithorax. Localized fibrous tumor of the pleura usually arises from the visceral pleural surface and manifests as a lobular or smooth pleural mass usually in the mid or lower hemithorax.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128846333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0022
C. Raptis
{"title":"Chest Trauma: Nonvascular Injuries","authors":"C. Raptis","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"In the setting of trauma, thoracic injuries are third in frequency after injuries to the head and extremities. While the greatest source of mortality in the setting of thoracic trauma is vascular injury, nonvascular injuries are much more common and can result in substantial morbidity and mortality, complicating overall case management. This section will focus on non vascular injuries that may be seen in the setting of trauma involving the lungs, diaphragm, mediastinum, thoracic skeleton, heart and pleura. Findings in both blunt and penetrating trauma will be highlighted.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117309969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0083
B. Carter
{"title":"Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy","authors":"B. Carter","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0083","url":null,"abstract":"Lymphadenopathy represents the pathologic enlargement of lymph nodes. Within the chest, the mediastinum is the most commonly affected region. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy may result in loss of normal mediastinal contours or thickening of lines and stripes. On computed tomography (CT), lymph nodes measuring greater than 1 cm in short-axis dimension are typically considered enlarged. Although many disease process may result in mediastinal lymphadenopathy, including lymphoma, metastatic disease, infections, and sarcoidosis, specific characteristics such as attenuation, enhancement, and calcification help narrow the differential diagnosis. PET/CT demonstrates the metabolic activity of structures such as lymph nodes and may help in identifying pathologic lymphadenopathy. However, PET/CT cannot reliably differentiate between lymphadenopathy due to active malignancy and certain benign processes such as active infection or sarcoidosis.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133448440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0017
Christopher M Walker
{"title":"Upper and Middle Lobe Atelectasis","authors":"Christopher M Walker","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Upper and middle lobe atelectasis discusses the radiographic and computed tomography (CT) manifestations of upper and middle lobe atelectasis. The most common radiographic signs of right upper lobe atelectasis include upward and medial displacement of the minor fissure, superior displacement of adjacent structures such as the hilum and main bronchus, and ipsilateral shift of the mediastinal structures. The S sign of Golden results from a centrally obstructing lung cancer as the cause of the atelectasis and manifests as a reverse S configuration of the minor fissure outlined by atelectatic lung and central mass. Left upper lobe atelectasis manifests with a veil-like opacity on frontal radiography with leftward shift of upper mediastinal structures such as the trachea and upward shift of the left main bronchus and left hemidiaphragm. The Luftsichel sign or air crescent sign may be seen and represents the hyperexpanded superior segment of the left lower lobe outlining the transverse aortic arch. Lobar atelectasis in the inpatient setting is most commonly secondary to an obstructing mucus plug. Lobar atelectasis in the outpatient setting is often a heralding sign of a centrally obstructing lung cancer and should be further evaluated with contrast-enhanced CT and/or bronchoscopy.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131680702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0067
J. Azok
{"title":"Silicosis and Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis","authors":"J. Azok","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0067","url":null,"abstract":"Silicosis and coal-workers pneumoconiosis (CWP) are fibrotic lung diseases secondary to the inhalation of free silica and coal dust. Exposure is typically occupational and occurs over many years before symptoms develop. Cough and shortness of breath are the most common presenting symptoms. Imaging features of silicosis and CWP are similar and often indistinguishable. Both silicosis and CWP result in upper lobe predominant disease. Pulmonary nodules are the most common imaging feature which may coalesce into progressive massive fibrosis. Lymphadenopathy and emphysema are additional findings seen in patients with silicosis and CWP. Silicosis has a higher incidence of tuberculosis and both pneumoconioses have a higher incidence of lung cancer.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128156576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：