{"title":"From depharmaceuticalization to drug abundance","authors":"Ève Bureau-Point","doi":"10.4324/9780429329517-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429329517-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415281,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Drugs Markets","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122286703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strengthening national pharmaceutical regulation through local production","authors":"Jessica Pourraz, C. Haxaire, D. Arhinful","doi":"10.4324/9780429329517-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429329517-3","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a history of pharmaceutical regulation from independence to the present in Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire, and Benin. It highlights the evolution of the pharmaceutical regulatory system in the three countries and the different choices that have been made in terms of medicines supply and support for local pharmaceutical production by the States. It also takes into account the influence of transnational actors in the various reform movements at work with a tendency to create agencies with a relatively autonomous status with respect to the State. This chapter seeks to demonstrate how local production plays an important role in the strengthening of pharmaceutical regulation and contributes to the construction of pharmaceutical sovereignty of countries","PeriodicalId":415281,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Drugs Markets","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129799090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strengths and weaknesses of State-controlled wholesale distribution","authors":"Stéphanie Mahamé, R. Houngnihin, A. Kpatchavi","doi":"10.4324/9780429329517-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429329517-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415281,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Drugs Markets","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121671359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distribution and access to medicines","authors":"C. Baxerres, A. Kpatchavi, D. Arhinful","doi":"10.4324/9780429329517-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429329517-5","url":null,"abstract":"The States of the world, whether in the “North” or the “South,” use a variety of mechanisms to regulate pharmaceutical distribution. These mechanisms are built around the issue of the pharmacist's monopoly, granted by the State, and the scope of this monopoly, which varies by country. Through this chapter, we examine this monopoly and the consequences of the different ways it is applied to retail and wholesale distribution in Benin and Ghana as a result of the institutional and legal legacies of their former colonial powers: existence of a large informal market in Benin, sale of therapeutic classes exceeding those authorized in drugstores in Ghana, wide distribution by wholesalers in Ghana including to unauthorized buyers. The need to dissect the different applications (professional, dispensing, ownership) of this monopoly will appear, as will the need to consider the tensions between profession and capital, between public health and trade. These reflections will finally be discussed in relation to the changes currently underway in terms of pharmaceutical policies in West Africa.","PeriodicalId":415281,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Drugs Markets","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132715213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A new geography of pharmaceuticals","authors":"Maurice Cassier","doi":"10.4324/9780429329517-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429329517-8","url":null,"abstract":"The geography of artemisinin-based drug innovation and industry is uniquely distributed. Originally developed in China, it was subsequently globalized through the WHO, humanitarian medicine, and the multinational pharmaceutical companies Novartis and Sanofi. Dissemination was encouraged by the public and common good status of the basic molecules, which it was legal to duplicate and combine. The CTAs developed under the impetus of the Drugs and Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) Foundation were also placed in the public domain. Novartis did not defend the patent that it co-owned with China on the combination of arthemeter and lumefantrine, while Sanofi exploited the combination of artesunate and amodiaquine that had not been patented by the DNDi. CTA production is now dominated by Indian generics producers, who market their WHO prequalified products in the global donor market, while copies from African producers are sold in local and regional markets. In 2011, the DNDi started to transfer the ASAQ technology to a factory in Tanzania, with the aim of obtaining WHO pre-qualification, which would be unprecedented in Africa for this type of drug. While Chinese firms have lost control of the CTA industry, China remains the main supplier of active ingredients, particularly natural artemisinin. India is one of the leading importers of Chinese APIs.","PeriodicalId":415281,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Drugs Markets","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134250271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"When the pharmaceutical system creates persistent attachments or new appropriations of drug molecules","authors":"C. Baxerres, K. Sams, D. Arhinful, Jean-Yves Le","doi":"10.4324/9780429329517-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429329517-10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415281,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Drugs Markets","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121527104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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