Bifidobacteria and Microflora最新文献

{"title":"Improved Media for Isolation of Fecal Bacteria in Koalas","authors":"Y. Hara-Kudo, Y. Benno, H. Hayashidani, K. Kaneko, M. Ogawa","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.13.1_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.13.1_9","url":null,"abstract":"Five non-selective media (medium 10, medium 10 supplemented with 1% extract of eucalyptus leaves, medium 10 with 1% fecal extract of koala, M98-5 and EG agar) by the plate-in-bottle method and two non-selective media (EG agar plate and BL agar plate) by an anaerobic jar method were evaluated for isolation of fecal bacteria in koalas. The predominant isolates were bacteroidaceae, clostridia and eubacteria as obligate anaerobes and enterobacteriaceae as facultative anaerobes. EG agar by the plate-in-bottle method was a suitable medium for isolation of obligate fecal anaerobes from the animals. All the isolates could not be identified to species presently recognized by using currently accepted identification protocols.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130469339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Normal Intestinal Flora and Clinical Significance in Infants and Children","authors":"H. Yoshioka, K. Fujita, H. Sakata, K. Murono, K. Iseki","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.10.1_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.10.1_11","url":null,"abstract":"We studied development of bacterial flora in the stool in breast-fed and bottlefed infants. Subjects and methods. Stools of 13 healthy newborn infants (six were breast-fed and seven were bottle-fed) were cultured. Stool samples were taken daily for six days after birth. Another culture was performed at one and three months of age, as the infants returned to the Well-Baby Clinic for a routine check-up. The stool was obtained directly from the rectum using a glass tube with rounded top and a side hole. The culture was performed within two hours of stool collection. A series of media were employed for anaerobic culture. Viande et de Levures medium with 0.2% glucose (VLG) was used for total bacterial count, VLG medium containing 7.5 ƒÊg/ml of vancomycin and 5 ƒÊg/ml of gentamicin for Bacteroides spp., and a modified Petuely's selective medium with nalidixic acid (MPN) was used for bifidobacteria (1). These media were prepared in test tubes with tight stoppers under \"pre-reduced anaerobically sterilized\" conditions. Procedures of anaerobic sample preparation and culture were performed by the method described by Holdeman et al (2). Air in the media and culture tubes was always substituted with CO2 using a CO2-gas stream. All cultures were done quantitatively and grown colonies were read and counted. Results. Changes in the count of organisms for individual bacterial groups are shown in Fig. 1 (3, 4). The count is described in terms of common logarithms of the bacterial count per g of feces (for example, a bacterial count of 108 per g of feces is expressed as log 8/g). On the day after birth, a mean organism total of log 9.0•}1.1/g of feces was measured. Enterobacteria were the predominant organism, followed by smaller numbers of enterococci, staphylococci, and Bacteroides. The number of entero-","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128102276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Mechanisms of Intestinal Absorption of Protein Hydrolysates and Their Relevance to Bacterial Growth in the Small Intestine","authors":"T. Hoshi, M. Abe, Tomoh Nunokawa","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.7.1_29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.7.1_29","url":null,"abstract":"The lumen of the small intestine is a unique space in the sense that it is a part of the external environment. Various bacteria and other microorganisms can enter together with food and water and proliferate there when nutritionally utilizable substances are present. The physical and physicochemical conditions of the lumen of mammalian intestine are favorable for rapid proliferation of microorganisms. Clinically, bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine resulted from alterations in the anatomy or motility of the small intestine are usually associated with serious malabsorption of important nutrients. Particularly, impaired absorption of vitamins and fat is frequent and serious problems in such pathophysiological conditions (20) . Also, multiplying bacteria may produce substances which may affect protein synthesis or gene expression in cells of the living body. Continuous presence of such situation may cause accelerated aging as suggested from observations on germ-free rats (23) . Physiologically, there are several mechanisms which effectively prevent bacterial entrance into and the growth in the small intestine. Lysozyme secretion by salivary glands and strong acidity of gastric juice are partly effective in prevention of entry of living bacteria into the small intestine. The effective linkage of the terminal digestion (membrane digestion) of carbohydrates and peptides and transport of the hydrolysates in the microspaces of the brush border structure, where usual bacteria can not access, also prevents the utilization of monosaccharides and amino acids by bacteria present in the lumen (24) . For the proliferation of bacteria, the presence of utilizable nitrogen compounds, such as amino acids and oligopeptides, and inorganic phosphate is particularly important. It has been already well established that free amino acids and phosphate are efficiently absorbed by Na+dependent active transport mechanisms (7, 16) . Regarding the absorption of protein hydrolysates, an additional mechanism has been known to exist in the intestinal epithelium, that is carrier-mediated transport","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"2008 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127315047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microflora of Patients with Stool Abnormality","authors":"T. Shimoyama, S. Hori, K. Tamura, M. Yamamura, Mamoru Tanaka, Kikuo Yamazaki","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.3.1_35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.3.1_35","url":null,"abstract":"patients, with the exception of patients with infectious diarrhea. Alterations of the intestinal microflora probably reflect the physiological state of the patient, and fermentative reactions due to microorganisms present in the gut may possibly induce diarrhea. Since 1970, bacteriological techniques for cultivating strictly obligate anaerobes have been vigorously developed and many studies on the intestinal microflora of patients with clinical problems have been reported in","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127492826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Capsules for Administering Drugs or Collecting Specimens in the Intestine","authors":"K. Yagata, Yukio Sekiguchi, Takahisa Hosokawa, M. Shibata, Y. Noguchi, T. Mitsuoka","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.6.2_43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.6.2_43","url":null,"abstract":"1S. B. Medical Co., Ltd., 495 Akiba-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245 Japan, 2Department of Rehabilitation Engineering, The Institute of Vocational Training, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 229 Japan, 3Koken Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 161 Japan, 4Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108 Japan, and 5Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113 Japan","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126072063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Intestinal Microflora in Humans and Animals","authors":"Y. Benno, T. Mitsuoka","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_13","url":null,"abstract":"The succession of bacterial populations in the large bowel of healthy infants was examined during the first week of life. The predominant fecal organisms by the end of the first week were bifidobacteria, bacteroides, clostridia, enterobacteria, and streptococci. The bacteria isolated from the feces of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants, aged about one month, were identified. The composition of the fecal bacteria varied according to the infant's diet. The organism that showed the highest count and the highest frequency of occurrence in both groups was Bifidobacterium breve. The counts and incidences of Clostridium paraputrificum, C. perfringens, and Bacillus subtilis, the counts of C. clostridiiforme, Bacteroides vulgatus, Veillonella parvula, Lactobacillus gasseri, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus bovis, Enterococcus faecalis, and E. faecium and the incidences of C. difficile, C. tertium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the bottle-fed infants were significantly higher than those in the breast-fed infants. A comparison of the fecal bacteria in healthy adults and aged persons was also made. The numbers of B. distasonis, B. vulgatus, B. adolescentis, and B. longum in the healthy adults were significantly higher than those in the aged persons. A significantly increased number of Clostridium paraputrificum was found in the feces of senile subjects. Subsequent studies on development of intestinal microflora in pigs, dogs, rats, and chickens were also described. These dramatic changes in the development of gut colonization were probably brought about by bacterial interactions, as well as changes in food.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122815056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the TNF-α Levels Induced by Human-Derived Bifidobacterium longum and Rat-Derived Bifidobacterium animalis in Mouse Peritoneal Cells","authors":"K. Sekine, T. Kawashima, Y. Hashimoto","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.13.2_79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.13.2_79","url":null,"abstract":"Bifidobacteria are harbored in the intestine of specific animals and humans at different ages. In this study, we examined the immune responses affected by Bifidobacterium longum and B. animalis, focusing upon the cytokines produced by mouse peritoneal cells. Both B. longum and B. animalis induced the expression of IL-1ƒÀ, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-a mRNA in mouse peritoneal cells, as determined by RTPCR. The amount of IL-6 secreted by thioglycollate-induced peritoneal exudate cells (TG-PEC) in the presence of these bacteria were similarly augmented, as shown by ELISA. More TNF-a was induced in B. longum than in B. animalis. A difference in the level of TNF production was also suggested from the in vivo tumor suppression test using TNF-sensitive Meth A tumors, although both species of bacteria profoundly suppressed the tumor incidence and tumor growth. Taken together, both B. longum and B. animalis promote the induction and/or secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-a) in mouse peritoneal cells. However, the level of TNF-a production induced by B. animalis was lower than that by B. longum.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125545441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Hydrolyzate of Wheat Bran Hemicellulose on the Cecal Microflora and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Rats and Mice","authors":"Y. Morishita, H. Yamada, K. Shiiba, N. Kimura, H. Taniguchi","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.12.1_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.12.1_19","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrolyzate of wheat bran hemicellulose was demonstrated to stimulate significantly the growth of bifidobacteria in the ceca of Wistar rats and ICR mice fed the purified diets including the hydrolyzate at 2.5% and 5.0% for 4 weeks. In contrast, Enterobacteriaceae, viridans streptococci, and staphylococci were decreased in numbers, especially at 5.0% level of the hydrolyzate. Lactobacilli were slightly increased in numbers, but not significantly, in mice. No significant changes were found in the numbers of the other examined microbes. The cecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids and acetic and propionic acids increased remarkably in both the animals in proportion to the rate of the hemicellulose hyrolyzate contained in the diets while those of iso-butyric and iso-valeric acids decreased. The butyric acid concentration increased in mice but not in rats. The cecal pH values were inversely proportional to the total concentrations of short-chain fatty acids.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121413487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between the Metabolic Regulaton of Intestinal Microflora by Feeding Bifidobacterium and Host Hepatic Function","authors":"K. Tohyama, R. Tanaka, Yoichi Kobayashi, M. Mutai","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.1.1_45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.1.1_45","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the effect of feeding Bifidobacterium breve 4006 on abnormal metabolic activities in intestinal microflora and the alteration of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in animals. Abnormal metabolic activities in intestinal microflora were induced by feeding a diet supplemented with 3% L-lysine-1% -L-tryptophan (lys-try diet) or 40% egg white protein in human flora (HF) or conventional (Cv) rats, respectively. Feeding of B. breve 4006 and transgalactosylated oligosaccharide (TOS), a growth factor of B. breve 4006, caused a significant reduction of a number of microbial enzyme activities and metabolites in the urine and the intestinal contents of HF and CV rats. Moreover , feeding of B. breve 4006 to neonate rats showed a significant decrease in the population levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroidaceae in the gut. Hepatic aniline hydroxylase (AH) and aminopyrine -N-demethylase (AMD) activities decreased significantly below normal values in HF rats fed on a lys-trp diet. In contrast, normal levels of AH and AMD activities were maintained in HF rats fed B. breve 4006 and/or TOS . The same situation was also found in overall hepatic function. The development of AH and AMD activities in neonate rats was significantly enhanced by the feeding of B. breve 4006. This enhancement seems to be due to a potent decrease of Gram-negative bacteria in the gut . In agreement with this, AH and AMD activities in gnotobiotic mice associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae and B. breve 4006 were restored to the germ-free level, whereas in mice monoassociated with K. pneumoniae, the activities significantly decreased .","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121958007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proliferation of Bifidobacteria by Oligosaccharides and Their Useful Effect on Human Health","authors":"H. Hidaka, Y. Tashiro, T. Eida","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.10.1_65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.10.1_65","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of oligosaccharides have recently become common, especially in Japan. This has been because of findings of marked biofunctions and usefulness of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) for human health due to their effect of improving the intestinal microflora. In this paper, we demonstrate several useful characteristics of FOS such as cholesterol reduction, suppression of putrefaction, normalization of microbial disorders of the colon and alleviation of constipation in clinical studies. It seems that the usefulness of FOS is related to the proliferation of bifidobacteria and other saccharolytic intestinal bacteria and also short chain fatty acids produced by these organisms .","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131168577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}