{"title":"Agroclimatology","authors":"J. M. Blonquist, B. Bugbee","doi":"10.2134/agronmonogr60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr60","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Shortwave and longwave radiation incident at Earth’s surface are the source of available energy that controls key processes, including surface and atmospheric heating, evaporation, sublimation, transpiration, and photosynthesis. Shortwave radiation (approximately 280 to 4000 nm) is emitted by the sun, whereas longwave radiation (approximately 4000 to 100 000 nm) is emitted by molecules in the atmosphere and objects at the surface. There is no universally accepted definition of the cutoff wavelengths for shortwave or longwave radiation, but there is minimal shortwave radiation at wavelengths greater than 3000 nm. Shortwave and longwave radiation at Earth’s surface are spatially and temporally variable due to changes in position of the sun with respect to Earth’s surface and changes in atmospheric conditions. Shortwave radiation accounts for a larger proportion of total radiation at the surface, but longwave radiation is a significant contributor. Ultimately, solar radiation is the source of available energy at Earth’s surface and within Earth’s atmosphere, driving weather and climate, as longwave radiation results from atmospheric and surface heating by shortwave radiation.","PeriodicalId":413634,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Monographs","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121406548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lawn Ecology","authors":"T. W. Cook, E. Ervin","doi":"10.2134/agronmonogr55.c8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr55.c8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413634,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Monographs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125810206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Biology and Control of Sorghum Diseases","authors":"C. Little, R. Perumal","doi":"10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413634,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Monographs","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124264444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Rogers, A. Schlegel, J. Holman, J. Aguilar, Isaya Kisekka
{"title":"Irrigation of Grain Sorghum","authors":"D. Rogers, A. Schlegel, J. Holman, J. Aguilar, Isaya Kisekka","doi":"10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413634,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Monographs","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132484505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sorghum Growth and Development","authors":"K. Roozeboom, P. Prasad","doi":"10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413634,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Monographs","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131317044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sorghum Improvement for Yield","authors":"Leo Hoffmann, W. Rooney","doi":"10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C2","url":null,"abstract":"A C4 grass with center of origin in Africa, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is adapted to a diverse set of environments ranging from arid and semiarid to tropical and temperate regions throughout the world. As a species, sorghum is classiied into ive distinct races; bicolor, caudatum, durra, guinea and kair, and an array of intermediate classes (Harlan and de Wet, 1972). The genetic diversity and wide adaptation provide current sorghum improvement programs with a wide array of unique phenotypes and genotypes to use in future breeding eforts. Sorghum ranks ifth among cereal grain crops in area planted and total production (FAOSTAT, 2014). This ranking is as a grain crop; however, it is equally important, if not more so, as a forage and fuel crop. Depending on the end use, yields of value can be either grain, or biomass, or a combination of the two. Yields in sorghum are highly variable and inluenced by environment, genotype and their interaction. According to FAOSTAT (2014), the worldwide sorghum grain yield average was 1457 kg ha-1 in 2013. However, there was signiicant variation based on country of production. For example, the top producing countries were in excess of 3000 kg ha-1. When compared to the documented yield potential of grain sorghum which is as high as 15,000 kg ha-1 (Rooney, 2004), these averages indicate that actual yields are only 20% of the yield potential of the crop. Consequently, there are not only opportunities to improve the genetic yield potential of the crop, but to identify the environmental constraints that produce such a low actual to potential yield. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the challenges of breeding sorghum targeting yield improvement through both ofensive and defensive breeding strategies. Within this context, ofensive breeding refers to the genetic improvement of yield potential, while defensive breeding refers to the incorporation of traits designed to mitigate losses due to both abiotic and biotic stresses.","PeriodicalId":413634,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Monographs","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124423295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Practical Morphology of Grain Sorghum and Implications for Crop Management","authors":"C. Trostle, Gary Peterson","doi":"10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413634,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Monographs","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117132215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Domestic and International Sorghum Marketing","authors":"D. M. O'Brien","doi":"10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413634,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Monographs","volume":" 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120832362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Weed Competition and Management in Sorghum","authors":"Curtis R. Thompson, J. Dille, D. Peterson","doi":"10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/AGRONMONOGR58.C15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413634,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Monographs","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122419092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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