Journal of Islamic Archaeology最新文献

{"title":"The Mosques of Harar: An Archaeological and Historical Study","authors":"T. Insoll, A. Zekaria","doi":"10.1558/jia.39522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.39522","url":null,"abstract":"The mosques of Harar have been the focus of some architectural and historical study but not archaeological investigation. This was redressed through excavation of six mosques in the city, the results of which are presented. These were identified from existing historical research as significant in the Islamization of Harar. Consensus on either the date or processes of Islamization does not exist. The partial history of the mosques investigated—Aw Abdal, Aw Abadir, Aw Meshad, Din Agobera, Fehkredin, Jami—is based on only a few sources. The results of the excavations provide insights into the Islamization of Harar and supplement the limited historical sources. The six radiocarbon dates obtained indicate a varied mosque chronology spanning the late 15th and early 20th centuries AD. Evidence indicative of the use of mosques for educational purposes, local practices such as animal sacrifice and child burial near the mihrab, and for extensive mosque rebuilding, alteration and remodelling was found. Comparable mosques in Djibouti, Somaliland, and elsewhere in Ethiopia are considered. It is concluded that all the Harari mosques investigated post-date the late 15th century and that the city also dates from this era and was linked with the establishment of Harar as the capital of Adal. Prior to this the Hararis, likely in the form of the legendary Harla, were elsewhere, possibly at Harlaa and other sites in the eastern Harar Plateau and Chercher Mountains.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1558/jia.39522","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43899218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dating Early Islamic Sites through Architectural Elements: A Case Study from Central Israel","authors":"Hagit Nol","doi":"10.1558/jia.37248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.37248","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the chronology of the Early Islamic period (7th-11th centuries) has largely been based on coins and pottery, but both have pitfalls. In addition to the problem of mobility, both coins and pottery were used for extended periods of time. As a result, the dating of pottery can seldom be refined to less than a 200-300-year range, while coins in Israel are often found in contexts hundreds of years after the intial production of the coin itself. This article explores an alternative method for dating based on construction techniques and installation designs. To that end, this paper analyzes one excavation area in central Israel between Tel-Aviv, Ashdod and Ramla. The data used in the study is from excavations and survey of early Islamic remains. Installation and construction techniques were categorized by type and then ordered chronologically through a common stratigraphy from related sites. The results were mapped to determine possible phases of change at the site, with six phases being established and dated. This analysis led to the re-dating of the Pool of the Arches in Ramla from 172 AH/789 CE to 272 AH/886 CE, which is different from the date that appears on the building inscription. The attempted reconstruction of Ramla involved several scattered sites attributed to the 7th and the 8th centuries which grew into clusters by the 9th century and unified into one main cluster with the White Mosque at its center by the 10th-11th centuries. This dating method chiefly utilizes terminus post quem dates and index fossils to differentiate between the 9th and 10th centuries. This article emphasizes the potential of archaeology as an alternative to written sources in the dating of sites and offers a fresh perspective on the history of this region.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1558/jia.37248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44807737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islamic Archaeology in the Comoros: The Swahili and the Rock Crystal Trade with the Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates","authors":"S. Pradines","doi":"10.1558/jia.39521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.39521","url":null,"abstract":"Dembeni was one of the largest and richest archaeological sites in East Africa during the early Islamic period. At its height, between the 9th and the 12th centuries, there was a period of intense trading activity, initially with the Abbasids in the Persian Gulf, and then with the Fatimid Caliphate in the Red Sea. Dembeni has yielded archaeological finds indicating an unprecedented degree of wealth for the time, including a large amount of early Chinese and Persian ceramics, as well as glassware from all over the Islamic world. This accumulation of goods did not happen by chance, and since the first excavations at Dembeni archaeologists have sought the origin of the site’s wealth. Recent excavations at Dembeni suggest that the prosperity of the site was linked to the lucrative rock crystal trade, which accounts for the ubiquity of imported goods. Of Malagasy origin, the rock crystal was exported to Mayotte, where Muslim tradesmen exchanged ceramics, fabric, beads, and glass for the precious rock crystal, with only the highest-quality pieces being exported to Baghdad and Cairo. Evidence points to Dembeni as a major distribution centre for the Malagasy rock crystal in the Indian Ocean.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1558/jia.39521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41814913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Settlement Patterns and Fortification Architecture in the Central Highlands of Yemen","authors":"D. Mahoney","doi":"10.1558/JIA.33381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.33381","url":null,"abstract":"Located in the central highlands of Yemen at approximately 2,000-2,600 meters above sea level, the Dhamar Plain was the home of a tribal population who continually contended with a succession of invading states for its control over the course of medieval and early modern periods, such as the Rasulids (13th-14th cen.) and the Ottomans (16th-17th cen.). Despite the roughly century-long duration of theses occupations, only minimal physical remains are left of their military architecture in contrast to the abundance of local fortified structures still remaining. This article examines their settlement patterns and types of fortification as based on survey results from the Dhamar Survey Project (DSP) and the Dhamar Museum Survey (DHS). Emerging from a strong vernacular tradition that extends back to the prehistoric period, these architectural forms range from singular tower houses and watchtowers to more extensive citadels and walled settlements. Overall, this diversity indicates well-developed schemes that aim to maximize both arable land for agriculture and the safety of the inhabitants on both a household and community level.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44368656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Andalusi Populations at La Dehesilla Cave (Sierra de Cádiz, Southern Iberia): An Interdisciplinary Approach to their Rural Economic Systems","authors":"Daniel García-Rivero, Ruth Taylor, Luis G. Pérez-Aguilar, Guillem Pérez-Jordà, Esteban García-Viñas, J. López‐Sáez, D. Zurro, L. Peña-Chocarro, Eloísa Bernáldez-Sánchez","doi":"10.1558/JIA.36443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.36443","url":null,"abstract":"Few studies have dealt with the occupation of caves during the Andalusi period in Southern Iberia. This may be explained by the attention placed traditionally on the trinomial mudun (cities), ?us?n (fortresses) and qura (farmsteads), in which other forms of rural occupation have been generally overlooked. In this paper we explore the sequence at La Dehesilla Cave –based on the analysis of animal skeleton remains, pollen, seeds and fruits, and phytoliths- with the aim to define the economic systems of its Andalusi inhabitants. Because the sequence displays two different occupation phases, the first during the Taifa Period in the second half of the 11th century and the second during the Almohad Period in the second half of the 12th century, this study characterises the ecological and economic systems of the two periods and highlights the differences between them. The data suggest that the economy of both periods was mainly based on livestock, and especially on sheep herds. Nevertheless, the comparison between them enables us to observe a few significant differences that indicate dissimilar behavioural and economic patterns. Plant macro-remains show a larger amount of cereals and leguminous seeds, as well as of domestic fruits, in the Taifa Period than in the Almohad Period. The zoological record displays clear differences between the two periods. The Taifa Period shows a greater proportion of herds while the input from hunting increased in the Almohad Period. Also, there are proportionally opposite patterns in the age of sacrifice of sheep. The earlier period may correspond to a more sedentary herding and partly farming population, while the second period to a mainly herding, perhaps mobile, population. These results are discussed within the political dynamics of the historical framework of the surrounding territory, and contribute to the knowledge of the rural economic dynamics of the Andalusi period.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47875518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Islamic Palestine: Toward a More Fine-Tuned Recognition of Settlement Patterns and Land Uses in Town and Country","authors":"I. Taxel","doi":"10.1558/JIA.38016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.38016","url":null,"abstract":"This article concentrates on the outlining of major settlement forms and land uses in Early Islamic Palestine and some of the social and demographic dynamics related to their physical, functional and hierarchic evolution throughout the 7th to 11th centuries. It provides a fresh and at times revised viewpoint concerning these themes and others, by using historical and mainly archaeological data related to a wide selection of urban, rural and other site forms throughout the country. These data show that the various natural and human agents that induced change between the 630s and the eve of the Crusades affected, either positively or negatively, the structural and hierarchic development of virtually every settlement, and that the best way to describe settlement and demographic dynamics in Early Islamic Palestine is as multifaceted continuity in a rapidly changing world.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41903513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Magical Rock Crystal Gem from Apollonia-Arsūf, Israel","authors":"S. Heidemann, Annette Zeischka-Kenzler, O. Tal","doi":"10.1558/JIA.38017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.38017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43391463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate, Land Use, and Landscape Change in Southern Bilad al-Sham (Northern Jordan) during the Islamic Periods","authors":"B. Lucke","doi":"10.1558/JIA.36954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.36954","url":null,"abstract":"Common narratives of 'decline' in Jordan and Syria during the Islamic periods are based on diminishing evidence of construction and maintenance of monumental architecture, and often consider man-made degradation of the environment, such as soil erosion due to mismanage­ment, as a key factor of reduced productivity. This contribution tackles the question of historic landscape change with a case study of the site of Abila in northern Jordan, and reviews the literature on the matter. Sediments in the Wadi Queilbeh near Abila suggest that two periods of rapid and significant deposition took place during the 6th and 14th-15th century AD, which were connected with extreme rainfalls induced by global climate variations. After the 6th century, a trend to general drier conditions is discernible. Other periods are characterized by absence of sedimentation, and soil distribution in the vicinity suggests stable and fertile conditions where water availability determines the agricultural potential. Changes of settlement and environment can be explained with reduced rainfalls during the Islamic periods that led to a shift of land use from market-orient agriculture towards subsistence farming. This reduced surpluses and thus less monumental buildings were built. The practice of a mixed economy with an increasing share of pastoralism was connected with natural reforestation of some areas, and seasonal use of many areas may have led to incorrect perceptions of 'empty' lands by European travelers. Tribes settled when they could realize the benefits of agriculture. Climate fluctuations most likely represent the underlying drivers of environmental and economic changes in northern Jordan during the Islamic periods.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44633188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Material Culture: Consumption and Materiality on the Coast of Precolonial East Africa, by Stephanie Wynne-Jones","authors":"S. Pradines","doi":"10.1558/JIA.35280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.35280","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41641699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant Supplying Strategies in an Islamic Omani Harbour City: Archaeobotanical Analysis from a Workshop (B39) in Qalhāt (XIVth-XVIth c. AD)","authors":"Vladimir Dabrowski, M. Tengberg, T. Creissen, A. Rougeulle","doi":"10.1558/JIA.37690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.37690","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43993013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}