International Ontology for the Intelligence Community最新文献

{"title":"Provability-Based Semantic Interoperability for Information Sharing and Joint Reasoning","authors":"A. Shilliday, Joshua Taylor, M. Clark, S. Bringsjord","doi":"10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-109","url":null,"abstract":"We describe provability-based semantic interoperability (PBSI), a framework transcending syntactic translation that enables robust, meaningful, knowledge exchange across diverse information systems. PBSI is achieved through translation graphs that capture complex ontological relationships, and through provability-based queries. We work through an example of automating an unmanned aerial vehicle by reasoning over information from a number of sources.","PeriodicalId":412076,"journal":{"name":"International Ontology for the Intelligence Community","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125183477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Ontologies to Support Intelligence Analysis","authors":"Richard Lee","doi":"10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-129","url":null,"abstract":"For some years now, the Intelligence Community has been using XML “tagging” of documents in an effort to make the documents more usable for data discovery, sharing, and other processing. In implementing a system (METS) which automates the identification of relevant data in documents, we noted several limitations of that XML tagging approach, and therefore chose to also provide an OWL ontology-based representation of that data. Here, we discuss the goals of METS, those XML limitations, and the OWL approach, showing how the latter should support better analysis. (As we discuss, clients have thus far not made use of the OWL results, so the benefits are still hypothetical.) We also discuss issues we encountered in developing the ontologies, outline the design and use of the operational METS for processing message feeds and other documents, and conclude with future plans which include greater ontology coordination and sharing, and assisting with the incorporation of tools for benefiting from the semantic information provided by the OWL.","PeriodicalId":412076,"journal":{"name":"International Ontology for the Intelligence Community","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126758055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uses of Ontologies in Open Source Blog Mining","authors":"B. Ulicny, M. Kokar, C. Matheus","doi":"10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-37","url":null,"abstract":"The blogosphere provides a novel window into an important segment of public opinion, but its dynamic nature makes it an elusive medium to analyze and interpret in the aggregate, where it is most informative. We are developing a new open-source blog mining technology that employs ontologies to solve this problem by fusing the signals of the blogosphere and zeroing in on issues that are most likely to migrate offline. This technology is designed to enable analysts to anticipate the threats or opportunities these issues represent in a timely and efficient fashion.","PeriodicalId":412076,"journal":{"name":"International Ontology for the Intelligence Community","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130249109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic Ontologies for Multi-INT Fusion","authors":"Kathryn B. Laskey, P. Costa, T. Janssen","doi":"10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-147","url":null,"abstract":"Systems are increasingly required to fuse data from geographically dispersed, heterogeneous information sources to produce up-to-date, mission-relevant results. These products focus not only on traditional military forces and systems, but to an increasing degree also on non-traditional combatants and their social networks. Successful multi-INT fusion requires that the constituent systems interoperate not just at the level of syntax and formats, but also at the level of semantics. Ontologies are vital enablers for semantic interoperability. Because uncertainty is a fundamental aspect of multi-INT fusion, lack of support for uncertainty is a major limitation of current-generation ontology formalisms. Probabilistic OWL (PR-OWL) extends the OWL Web Ontology Language to enable the construction of probabilistic ontologies. Ontologies constructed in PR-OWL can represent complex patterns of evidential relationships among uncertain hypotheses. Recently, a system for specifying and reasoning with PR-OWL ontologies has been released in beta version. This paper describes the PR-OWL ontology language, the probabilistic logic on which it is based, and the reasoning system implementation. A hypothetical case study in the counterterrorism domain illustrates the capabilities of PR-OWL.","PeriodicalId":412076,"journal":{"name":"International Ontology for the Intelligence Community","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129403118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to Track Absolutely Everything","authors":"W. Ceusters, S. Manzoor","doi":"10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-13","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of events prior to and during September 11 revealed that a smooth execution of the intelligence process is hampered by inadequate information sharing. This caused a rethinking of the intelligence process and a transition towards a 'Globally Networked and Integrated Intelligence Enterprise' with the goal that more detailed, tagged, and, therefore, traceable, information will reach those who need it, when they need it, and in a form that they can easily absorb. We present the referent tracking paradigm and its implementation in networks of referent tracking systems as an enabling technology to make this vision come true. Referent tracking uses a system of singular and globally unique identifiers to track not only entities and events in first-order reality, but also the data and information elements that are created to describe such entities and events in information systems. By doing so, it meets the requirements of the Nation's Information Sharing Strategy.","PeriodicalId":412076,"journal":{"name":"International Ontology for the Intelligence Community","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126979473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multi-INT Semantic Reasoning Framework for Intelligence Analysis Support","authors":"T. Janssen, H. Basik, Mike Dean, Barry Smith","doi":"10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-57","url":null,"abstract":"Lockheed Martin Corp. has funded research to generate a framework and methodology for developing semantic reasoning applications to support the discipline of Intelligence Analysis. This chapter outlines that framework, discusses how it may be used to advance the information sharing and integrated analytic needs of the Intelligence Community, and suggests a system / software architecture for such applications.","PeriodicalId":412076,"journal":{"name":"International Ontology for the Intelligence Community","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132961364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontologies for Rapid Integration of Heterogeneous Data for Command, Control, & Intelligence","authors":"L. Obrst, S. Stoutenburg, D. McCandless, D. Nichols, Paul Franklin, Michael Prausa, Richard Sward","doi":"10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-71","url":null,"abstract":"Ontologies enable explicit expression of collective concepts and support Machine-to-Machine (M2M) interactions at the semantic level. Ontologies expressed in a standard language, such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and exposed on a network offer the potential for unprecedented interoperability solutions since they are semantically rich, computer interpretable and inherently extensible. In this chapter, we describe how we applied ontologies in OWL for rapid enterprise integration of heterogeneous data sources to track objects in a battlespace. We found that once a robust foundational domain ontology is established, it is easy and quick to integrate new data sources and therefore rapidly provide new system capabilities. In particular, we demonstrate how moving tracks can be quickly integrated with intelligence and space events to provide enhanced situational awareness using ontologies. This chapter also describes the overall SEER and SWORIER systems we developed, the latter of which translated OWL ontologies (and RDF instances) and Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) rules into Prolog, applied knowledge compilation techniques, and then at runtime, utilized a combined OWL/logic programming reasoned for efficient automated reasoning. We also briefly describe a more recent extension to the prototype and to the ontologies that we made to address more rigorous geospatial rules for unmanned autonomous vehicle (UAV) avoidance. Finally, we consider some issues raised by our work and future lines of research to address these.","PeriodicalId":412076,"journal":{"name":"International Ontology for the Intelligence Community","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133142125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: Ontologies, Semantic Technologies, and Intelligence","authors":"T. Janssen, L. Obrst, W. Ceusters","doi":"10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-1","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years ontologies and semantic technologies more generally have begun to be applied to assist the intelligence community, for information integration, information-sharing, decision-support, and in many other applications. This chapter introduces the topic of the book and provides background information concerning its rationale, historical perspective, a vision for the future, and briefly describes the chapters of the present volume.","PeriodicalId":412076,"journal":{"name":"International Ontology for the Intelligence Community","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128156970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geospatial Ontology Trade Study","authors":"J. Ressler, Mike Dean, Dave Kolas","doi":"10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-179","url":null,"abstract":"It has been estimated that up to 80% of all information contains some notion of location. This is helping create a greater understanding of the utility of geospatial information as a framework for organizing, portraying and better understanding other information and the relationships of people, places, things and events. Geospatial capabilities are entering the mainstream of information technology and spatial data infrastructures (SDI's) are being implemented to bring together the technologies, policies, standards, and human resources to better utilize geospatial data. SDI's such as the National System for Geospatial-Intelligence (NSG) are using a standards baseline of ISO, Open Geospatial Consortium and other relevant consensus standards and putting service oriented architectures in place to achieve distributed, data-centric, net-centric operations. This stage of development of SDI's is bringing an unprecedented level of interoperability to geospatial data and technology and is setting the stage for an even greater level of future interoperability and data integration. The development of geospatial ontologies and semantic capabilities for integrating well structured geospatial data with unstructured geospatial information existing in other data sets will be the catalyst for this next major step forward. \u0000 \u0000The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency is in the forefront of examining the current state, future potential and implementation requirements for a semantically enabled geospatial web. This Geospatial Ontology Trade Study is a broad survey of ontologies. An ontology is a formal, explicit, shared conceptualization of a domain and defines the concepts and vocabulary used within a community of interest. The study report outlines the characteristics of the ontologies surveyed and makes recommendations about which are best suited for certain types of uses and identifies further research and work to formalize geospatial ontologies. \u0000 \u0000The report concludes that there are a number of existing standards-based ontologies which provide building blocks for geospatial representations and makes recommendations for strategic actions to incorporate ontologies and semantic knowledge into the growing base of Geospatial Intelligence capabilities.","PeriodicalId":412076,"journal":{"name":"International Ontology for the Intelligence Community","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132058987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Principles for Ontological Support of Bayesian Evidence Management","authors":"M. Huhns, M. Valtorta, Jingsong Wang","doi":"10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-581-5-163","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes work on an integrated system that can assist analysts in exploring hypotheses using Bayesian analysis of evidence from a variety of sources. The hypothesis exploration is aided by an ontology that represents domain knowledge, events, and causality for Bayesian reasoning, as well as models of information sources for evidential reasoning. We are validating the approach via a tool, Magellan, that uses both Bayesian models and logical models for an analyst's prior knowledge about how evidence can be used to evaluate hypotheses. The ontology makes it possible and practical for complex situations of interest to be modeled and then analyzed formally.","PeriodicalId":412076,"journal":{"name":"International Ontology for the Intelligence Community","volume":"6 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127510563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}