Once We Were SlavesPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0011
Laura Leibman
{"title":"When I Am Gone","authors":"Laura Leibman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Personal and financial loss continued to blight Isaac, Joshua, and their children’s lives. Joshua and Isaac immersed themselves in business, and left the child rearing to the unwed Moses sisters. Bookkeeping wasn’t the men’s forte: they lived beyond their means in a fashionable neighborhood near St. John’s Park, where they were joined briefly by Isaac’s father Abraham Rodrigues Brandon, his new mistress, and his second brood of children. When Brandon’s death left Isaac guardian of his younger half-siblings, he enrolled them in British Jewish boarding schools as per his father’s wishes. Then Joshua died unexpectedly, and Sarah’s children became utterly beholden to their Moses aunts and uncles. Increasingly, Isaac sought refuge on the island, the old controversy about whether he should count as a full Jew having been laid to rest.","PeriodicalId":410964,"journal":{"name":"Once We Were Slaves","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129020021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once We Were SlavesPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0006
Laura Leibman
{"title":"The Material of Race","authors":"Laura Leibman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"While the Lopez family struggled in Philadelphia, Sarah Brandon went east to London to attend a high-end Sephardic school. London presented Sarah with a new world of opportunities and connections. As in Philadelphia, many members of London’s Sephardic community had connections with Barbados, hence there was no hiding her past as a slave. Yet through friendship, trade ties, and money, Sarah Brandon made that past moot. Her most precious heirloom was part of the new self she constructed: an ivory miniature of herself painted in watercolor, beautiful and wide-eyed in a white empire-waist dress, her hair lifted in a Grecian knot. The portrait was an intimate gift to the man she would marry—Joshua Moses, a handsome and well-connected Jew from Philadelphia and New York. Ivories were a love token, but Sarah and Joshua’s marriage would also unite two major merchant families and change Sarah’s future, again.","PeriodicalId":410964,"journal":{"name":"Once We Were Slaves","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121449590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once We Were SlavesPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0005
Laura Leibman
{"title":"Synagogue Seats","authors":"Laura Leibman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Barbados’s floundering economy and racial strife pushed many Jews north to the United States, including Isaac Lopez Brandon and his former enslaver’s son, Moses Lopez. Once a prosperous Bridgetown store owner, Moses Lopez struggled in the cold North, settling first in New York, where his children attended the synagogue’s school, before moving on to Newport and Philadelphia. He reinvented himself as a doctor and dentist, but without much success. Religiously, he also floundered. In Barbados, Moses Lopez had helped run the synagogue, but Philadelphia’s congregation repeatedly refused his requests to become a member. It wasn’t until his mother died and he could pay off his debts and donate a chair that the synagogue took him in. Isaac, on the other hand, had better luck. His father and family paved his way through charitable donations. While not free from racism, Philadelphia was a place that valued self-made men, and Isaac fit right in.","PeriodicalId":410964,"journal":{"name":"Once We Were Slaves","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131487405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once We Were SlavesPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0008
Laura Leibman
{"title":"A Woman of Valor","authors":"Laura Leibman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Before they were wed even a year, Sarah and Joshua made their way back across the Atlantic, this time settling in New York. Sarah was pregnant with the first of ten children, and the couple quickly settled into family life on the tip of Manhattan in the streets surrounding the Mill Street synagogue. Having married into the synagogue’s wealthiest family, Sarah found herself at the center of New York Jewish life. Knowing people in New York mattered. She had lived in four cities in four countries before she reached the age of twenty, and New York was hardly the most racially progressive place she had resided. Her children’s births raised question of acceptance, and the young family strategically bound their children to the larger community and Sarah’s in-laws through names, godparents, and circumcision rituals.","PeriodicalId":410964,"journal":{"name":"Once We Were Slaves","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115374345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once We Were SlavesPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0004
Laura Leibman
{"title":"The Tumultuous Island","authors":"Laura Leibman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The years following Sarah and Isaac’s conversion were ones of great change on the island, rife with controversies and rebellion. On the one hand the Brandon-Lopez-Gill clan was prospering, with both Brandon cousins and Lopez-Gill uncles making important marriages. Yet the synagogue was in disarray, with interracial sex often at the center of controversies. While unmarried Jewish men like Sarah and Isaac’s father suffered no penalties for extramarital affairs, married Jews and religious leaders found themselves repeatedly sanctioned by the synagogue, their intimate affairs laid open. Racial tensions on the island reached a peak in 1816 when a slave revolt broke out near the southern coast. In the years following the revolt, free people of color would seek compensation for their support in suppressing the insurrection. Petitions and religion, rather than open rebellion, became the new path to power.","PeriodicalId":410964,"journal":{"name":"Once We Were Slaves","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121337867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once We Were SlavesPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0010
Laura Leibman
{"title":"Feverish Love","authors":"Laura Leibman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"In New York, Sarah and Joshua found their lives fluctuating wildly between joy and death, with death always seeming to win in the end. Although Sarah and her husband had been careful to inoculate their children against smallpox, there was no vaccine for yellow fever, which ravaged the city in 1819, 1821, and 1823. Yellow fever was one of the most dreaded diseases in early America: death rates were high, and the time between infection and death was short. One person who didn’t survive the plague years was Sarah’s mother. Yet mixed with the terror, there were blessings: Sarah gave birth to ten children in ten years, and, in 1823, her brother Isaac married Joshua Moses’s sister, Lavinia. Lavinia, too, would bring forth new life: a boy, then a girl. And while Sarah escaped the fevers, childbirth would claim both her and Lavinia between 1828 and 1829.","PeriodicalId":410964,"journal":{"name":"Once We Were Slaves","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125408944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once We Were SlavesPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0002
Laura Leibman
{"title":"From Slave to Free","authors":"Laura Leibman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"In early September of 1801, Sarah and Isaac’s British grandfather, George Gill, died and left his multiracial children, including Sarah and Isaac’s mother, the bulk of his estate and a house in which to live. Slave owners were notoriously mercurial, and whites rarely publicly recognized—let alone left legacies—to their mixed-race kin. Yet George Gill passed over his white relatives in favor of Sarah’s family. Sarah and Isaac’s mother—George’s “beloved Daughter”—along with most of their other multiracial kin were still enslaved by the Lopezes. Yet they had money and a house. By the time the family inherited that house, Sarah and Isaac were free. Their father, Abraham Rodrigues Brandon, bought his children from the Lopez family and paid their manumission fees. These two acts—freedom and inheritance—would change the fortunes not only of Sarah and Isaac but also of most of their extended kin.","PeriodicalId":410964,"journal":{"name":"Once We Were Slaves","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115884335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once We Were SlavesPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0007
Laura Leibman
{"title":"Voices of Rebellion","authors":"Laura Leibman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"While Moses Lopez sought acceptance in Philadelphia, Isaac Lopez Brandon fought his own battles in Barbados. Before leaving the island, Brandon signed the Jews’ 1819 petition to the island legislature asking it to make the synagogue a vestry and give Jews the vote. For lower middle-class Jews, the bill was deeply distressing: they lacked property to vote anyway, and they didn’t want pay the mandatory taxes the change entailed. They were also enraged that Isaac Lopez Brandon, a “man of colour,” would gain privileges that white Jews of a middling sort could never hope to attain. Eventually the bill passed, but only after Isaac had been demoted and lost his right to vote in the synagogue. Isaac’s battle was part of a larger religious war waged by the Gill family, a battle that underscored the intertwined role of minority religions and rights on the island.","PeriodicalId":410964,"journal":{"name":"Once We Were Slaves","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131936878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once We Were SlavesPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0009
Laura Leibman
{"title":"This Liberal City","authors":"Laura Leibman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"In July of 1820, Isaac Lopez Brandon and his mother landed in Philadelphia, where they joined the growing community of wealthy free people of color who flocked to the northern city from the South and the Caribbean. As in New York, in Philadelphia gradual emancipation led to new opportunities and instigated a racial backlash. While some Jewish Philadelphians worked on behalf of abolition, others owned the print shops and newspapers that published articles fomenting anti-Black ire. Money would ease the Brandons’ path. Philadelphia would be the first place that Isaac’s mother positioned herself not as Lopez or Gill, but as Mrs. Brandon, despite the fact there is no evidence she married Abraham Rodrigues Brandon. Behind the scenes, Abraham helped his niece’s husband secure a job as hazan (religious leader) of the congregation. As in New York, Sarah’s in-laws helped smooth their transition into Jewish life.","PeriodicalId":410964,"journal":{"name":"Once We Were Slaves","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126672044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once We Were SlavesPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0003
Laura Leibman
{"title":"From Christian to Jew","authors":"Laura Leibman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530474.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The next crucial step in the siblings’ journey to gain the right to live and pray as they pleased came in 1811 when they moved to Suriname, a South American colony on the Caribbean Sea. In Suriname, Sarah and Isaac found their home among the largest multiracial Jewish community in the Americas and formally converted to Judaism. This community provided a spiritual home for Sarah and Isaac, but it also marked them as second-class citizens. Since their father, Abraham, had not married their mother, Surinamese law considered Sarah and Isaac people of color. This racial designation followed them into the synagogue, where they would sit separately from whites and couldn’t partake in synagogue honors. This chapter places the siblings’ experiences alongside that of other multiracial Jews who lived in Paramaribo at that time, highlighting their battles against oppression.","PeriodicalId":410964,"journal":{"name":"Once We Were Slaves","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127409173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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