Administration of Justice eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Preventive Measures in the Criminal Procedural System in Romania","authors":"Alexandru Peicea","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3434136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3434136","url":null,"abstract":"Preventive measures are those measures ordered by the judicial bodies in order to ensure the proper conduct of the process and the participation of suspects or defendants in the judicial proceedings. Preventive measures shall also be ordered against persons committing criminal offences and where it is desirable that such persons do not influence witnesses or injured persons, experts or other participants in the criminal proceedings. The Code of Criminal Procedure in Romania regulates five preventive measures: taking in custody, judicial control, judicial control on bail, house arrest and pre-trial arrest. The present work aims to address preventive measures from a theoretical perspective, and we will analyze the conditions of ordering such preventive measures, remedies that may be formulated against these measures, the possibilities for revocation or termination of such measures in certain situations, but also the actual content of such measures.","PeriodicalId":409574,"journal":{"name":"Administration of Justice eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125392631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tamperproof Evidence with Blockchain","authors":"Akash Shukla, Asheesh Gupta, Monika Jha, M. Memoria","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3387832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3387832","url":null,"abstract":"There is a lot of buzz around the market regarding crypto currencies but no one hardly knows what’s the technology behind it so we are talking about blockchain or the Next Generation Internet as many professionals refers it. Blockchain the recent revolutionizing technology of the IT sector right now and experts are taking a lot of interest in knowing this technology and the reason for the interest in Blockchain is its central attributes that provide security, anonymity and data integrity without any third party organization in control of the transactions, and therefore it creates interesting research areas, especially from the perspective of technical challenges and limitations finding its application all over the different industries. Although it has many applications in different fields such as Banking, Government and Healthcare etc. but we will be focusing on how blockchain can help us in transforming our legal system. In this paper we will discuss some of the basic problems that are faced by the system and due to which many persons face serious problems which in turn are really affecting their lives. So we are proposing an idea that how with the help of blockchain we can somehow lessen the burden of some authorities and helping them in a way possible we have built a small prototype which will basically explain what we are trying to do in this system.","PeriodicalId":409574,"journal":{"name":"Administration of Justice eJournal","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131650670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Functional Approach to Municipal Policymaker Determinations in Section 1983","authors":"Karen Lott","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3346155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3346155","url":null,"abstract":"Debtors’ prisons are alive and well in America despite being deemed unconstitutional. Indigent defendants often find themselves caught in a cycle of unconstitutional bail, fines, and fees that ultimately may land them in jail with no consideration of their indigence. These indigent defendants have a route to relief through Section 1983 which provides a federal forum for those plaintiffs deprived of federally protected rights by state actors. Unfortunately, awards of money damages, while possible, are often out of reach. <br><br>The primary problem this paper addresses concerns municipal policymaker determinations. In short, the plaintiff may pursue money damages against a municipality, but he often must show that the action which deprived him of his constitutional right was made by a municipal policymaker. The issue is that the indigent defendant is jailed through a judicial order. This means he would need to show the municipal judge acted as a municipal policymaker in order for the municipality to be liable. In making policymaker determinations, courts look to state law. If the applicable state law defines a municipal judge as part of the state judiciary, then the judge cannot be a municipal policymaker. This formulaic determination often prevents the indigent plaintiff from connecting the unconstitutional judicial order to the municipality, which in turn prevents the plaintiff from receiving money damages from the city. <br><br>While at first glance this may seem like a fair disconnect in order to protect the independence of the local judiciary, the reality is that it may ignore the way in which some municipalities actually operate. To explain, local judges are often hired and fired by the city, and recent cases reveal the pressure that some cities put on judges to fund their own courts through fine and fee imposition. With this in mind, municipal judges may actually come to set municipal policy, and policymaker determinations should reflect that. <br><br>This paper proposes a solution — a functional approach to policymaker determinations. Instead of simply relying on statutory definitions of judges, courts should look to the actual functions the judge is performing. If the judge is acting under the municipality’s authority and subject to the municipality’s influence, then in consideration of the judge’s actual function within the municipality, he should be considered a policymaker for the locality. With this functional approach, plaintiffs would be able to pursue money damages and connect the unconstitutional judicial orders to the responsible municipality. <br>","PeriodicalId":409574,"journal":{"name":"Administration of Justice eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123085618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fighting Against Money Laundering","authors":"M. Zali, Ach Maulidi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3296154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3296154","url":null,"abstract":"в его статье утверждается создание новой концепции сдерживания, которая полезна для банков и государственных политиков для борьбы с элитной отмыванием денег. В документе предлагаются идеи, позволяющие улучшить наше понимание проблем коррупции, местных дел и отмывания денег. Эти идеи синтезируются из современного мышления и текущих исследований, принимая теорию заговора. Данные свидетельствуют о том, что схемы мошенничества с участием синдикатов коррупции стали неразрешимыми либо из-за влияния, то ли из-за влиятельных людей, вовлеченных в коррупционные скандалы, что затрудняет реализацию антикоррупционных положений. Поэтому, безусловно, необходимо предусмотреть предостережение и рассмотреть анализ структурных сил, которые выявляют логику преступных форм и поведения. В документе также отмечается, что установление законов о борьбе с отмыванием денег и создание агентств по борьбе с отмыванием денег (строгое соблюдение законов) могут эффективно предотвращать хищнические действия финансовых посредников в содействии методам отмывания денег. В совокупном анализе основной экономической модели преступности результаты исследования обеспечивают значительную поддержку ряда постулатов теории заговора о преступности. К ним относятся эффект сдерживания в отношении преступников, таких как недобросовестный местный бизнес-персонал, развратники и отмыватели денег. В совокупном анализе основной экономической модели преступности результаты исследования обеспечивают значительную поддержку ряда постулатов теории заговора о преступности. К ним относятся эффект сдерживания в отношении преступников, таких как недобросовестный местный бизнес-персонал, развратники и отмыватели денег. В совокупном анализе основной экономической модели преступности результаты исследования обеспечивают значительную поддержку ряда постулатов теории заговора о преступности. К ним относятся эффект сдерживания в отношении преступников, таких как недобросовестный местный бизнес-персонал, развратники и отмыватели денег.","PeriodicalId":409574,"journal":{"name":"Administration of Justice eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131348495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Value of Absolute Power: Evidence from Judiciary Decision Events on Controlling Shareholders in Large Business Groups","authors":"Changmin Lee, Han-soo Choi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2916478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2916478","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the impact of judicial decisions, mainly the prosecution and court sentencing of controlling shareholders’ corporate crime, embezzlement, and breach of fiduciary duty, on the market value of a firm. The indictment or imprisonment of controlling shareholders in Korean large business groups, chaebols, provides an experimental setting for analyzing the absence of the real boss. Our main findings are as follows. First, judicial decisions relating to controlling shareholders generally do not have a significant group-wide effect on the value of a firm. Second, the portion of firms that receive a positive impact and a negative impact from having a controlling shareholder held in custody is almost equivalent (46% versus 54%, respectively). In situations where there is a court appeal, the portion of firms that receive a positive impact decreases to 38%, while the portion of firms that receive a negative impact increases to 62%. Third, the effect of court decisions on affiliated firms within the same business group is asymmetric. For instance, such decisions have a positive effect on affiliates where a controlling shareholder holds a large proportion of the shares; however, they have a negative impact on affiliates thought to be more likely to grow at faster rates in the future. For this reason, sentencing of the controlling shareholder itself induces value transference between the different affiliated firms in a given company group.","PeriodicalId":409574,"journal":{"name":"Administration of Justice eJournal","volume":"456 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131612368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corruption et Immunités : Questionnements sur la Lutte Contre L’Impunité (Corruption and Immunities: Questions on the Fight Against Impunity)","authors":"Anne-Catherine Fortas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2911997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2911997","url":null,"abstract":"Resume francais: L’etude de l’interaction entre le droit des immunites et la corruption demontre que le droit international est paradoxal dans la mesure ou, selon l’Etat, la pratique prouve que le droit des immunites peut s’appliquer alors meme qu’il y a un cas de corruption averee ou fortement presumee. Cette application ambivalente s’ajoute aux problemes proceduraux, nationaux et internationaux, susceptibles de se poser aux fins de jugement ou du recouvrement d’une creance. Il apparait que la these de Roberto Ago relative au Crime d’Etat, qui commence a etre prise en compte dans une certaine mesure par des tribunaux internes, pourrait etre une solution efficace et coherente aux fins de la lutte contre l’impunite. La mise en œuvre de cette these pourrait ainsi enrichir le droit international relatif a la repression de tout type de crimes (supranationaux et transnationaux). \u0000English Abstract: The study of interaction between immunities and corruption demonstrates that international law involves paradoxes. Indeed, according to the State, the practice proves that the law of immunity could be implemented even if the case is corrupted. This ambivalent application is cumulated with procedural issues from international and national law for the creditor or the forum of judgment. The thesis from Roberto Ago about State Crime, which is taken in account by a few national tribunals, could be an effective and coherent solution for the fight against impunity and be allowed to improve international law rules concerning the repression to all types of crimes (supranational and transnational crimes).","PeriodicalId":409574,"journal":{"name":"Administration of Justice eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132789884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expressing What? Evaluating the Expressive Value of Punishment","authors":"Jessica Bregant, E. Caruso, A. Shaw","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2816543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2816543","url":null,"abstract":"We pose a simple research question: what do people infer about an action based on the fact that it is punished? Amid all the discussion of what punishment should and can accomplish or communicate, relatively little thought has been given to what punishment actually does signal (but c.f. Bilz, 2016; Murphy & Hampton, 1990). We present empirical evidence that speaks to the most basic way punishment may be understood by the lay public. In Part I, we briefly discuss some possible answers. In Part II, we present four studies. The first set demonstrates that information about punishment can lead to inferences about an action’s morality and harmfulness. We then show that punishment seems to signal harm — but not moral wrongness — uniquely, compared to other messages of social disapproval. Finally, our data show that, at least for some acts, even minimal messages of punishment can significantly change inferences of harm.","PeriodicalId":409574,"journal":{"name":"Administration of Justice eJournal","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122539805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gli Effetti Economici Della Liberalizzazione Della Cannabis in Italia (The Economic Effects of the Cannabis' Liberalization in Italy)","authors":"M. Esposito","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2761422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2761422","url":null,"abstract":"Italian Abstract: In questo lavoro si valuta la dimensione del mercato illegale della cannabis in Italia e le entrate fiscali potenziali in caso di liberalizzazione. Rispetto a precedenti studi, si considera la elasticita al prezzo della domanda di cannabis e la competizione della criminalita organizzata. Si conclude che le entrate fiscali potrebbero essere molto inferiori rispetto alle attese, se si applica alla cannabis la stessa tassazione del tabacco. Si analizzano anche i costi sociali e sanitari di una liberalizzazione che sia strutturata in modo da ampliare il numero dei consumatori e la frequenza di consumo. La liberalizzazione delle droghe pone, infatti, un trilemma rispetto ai tre obiettivi della protezione del consumatore, della massimizzazione delle entrate fiscali e della riduzione dei costi legati all'attivita di contrasto. Se ne possono infatti ottenere solo due per volta, sacrificandone uno.English Abstract: In this paper we evaluate the dimension of the illegal market for cannabis in Italy and the potential fiscal revenues in case of liberalization. With respect to previous studies, we consider the price elasticity of demand and the competition of the organized crime. We conclude that the fiscal revenues might be much lower than expected if one applies to cannabis the same taxation of tobacco. We analyze also the social and health costs of a liberalization whose final effect might be the one of expanding the number of consumers and the frequency of consumption. Drugs’ liberalization poses, in fact, a trilemma with respect to its three objectives: consumers’ protection, fiscal revenues, and costs’ savings. One can obtain only two of them, while the remaining one has to be sacrificed.","PeriodicalId":409574,"journal":{"name":"Administration of Justice eJournal","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123420477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Prison Sentence Length on Recidivism: Evidence from Random Judicial Assignment","authors":"Michael Roach, Max M. Schanzenbach","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2701549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2701549","url":null,"abstract":"Whether punishment promotes or deters future criminal activity by the convicted offender is a key public policy concern. Longer prison sentences further isolate offenders from the legitimate labor force and may promote the formation of criminal networks in prison. On the other hand, greater initial punishment may have a deterrence effect on the individual being punished, sometimes called “specific deterrence,” through learning or the rehabilitative effect of prison. We test the effect of prison sentence length on recidivism by exploiting a unique quasi-experimental design from adult sentences within a courthouse in Seattle, Washington. Offenders who plead guilty are randomly assigned to a sentencing judge, which leads to random differences in prison sentence length depending on the sentencing judge’s proclivities. We find that one-month extra prison sentence reduces the rate of recidivism by about one percentage point, with possibly larger effects for those with limited criminal histories. However, the reduction in recidivism comes almost entirely in the first year of release, which we interpret as consistent with prison’s rehabilitative role.","PeriodicalId":409574,"journal":{"name":"Administration of Justice eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132819153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Analysis of the Effect of the Double Criminality Test on the Investigation Team and the Prosecution’s Case","authors":"Ehi Eric Esoimeme","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2514719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2514719","url":null,"abstract":"This paper critically discusses the effect that the new double criminality test has on the Investigation team and the Prosecution’s Case. It starts by looking at the difficulties the new double criminality test is likely to create for the Investigators addressing issues like ‘risk posed by materials/documents which are subject to legal professional privilege and excluded materials provision’ and ‘risk posed by the bank secrecy laws of some countries.’ It then looks at the difficulties the double criminality test is likely to create for Crown Prosecutors as regards the execution of their duties. It does this by addressing issues like risk posed by complexity of a foreign criminal code.","PeriodicalId":409574,"journal":{"name":"Administration of Justice eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132871841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}