{"title":"Development of Halogen Free Sustainable Polybenzoxazine Matrices and Composites for Flame Retardant Applications","authors":"S. Devaraju, K. Krishnadevi, M. Alagar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.98470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.98470","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, with the growing concern on energy crises, the development of new products from sustainable resources have been received much greater consideration owing to the environmental concerns caused by the rapid reduction of non-renewable fossil resources. The widespread utilization of polymeric materials led to a considerable increase in fire risk in our daily life due to their flammable behavior. Hence, the flame-retardant properties of polymeric materials are considered as one of the most significant criteria to use them in wide range of industrial applications. It is well known that mostly halogenated flame retardant materials are widely used for flame retardant applications. However, they release toxic gases and corrosive smoke during combustion, and consequently they contribute to serious environmental pollution. In this connection, in the present chapter we discussed the different types of non-halogen based environmentally friendly bio-based polybenzoxazine matrices developed from renewable and sustainable bio-phenolic materials viz., cardanol, eugenol, guiacol and etc., and the composites obtained by reinforcing with varying weight percentages of flame resistant reinforcements/additives and their flame retardant properties obtained from different analytical techniques.","PeriodicalId":408707,"journal":{"name":"Flame Retardants [Working Title]","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132417395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanoscale Configuration of Clay-Interlayer Chemistry: A Precursor to Enhancing Flame Retardant Properties","authors":"S. Sonkaria, H. J. Kim","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.95788","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomaterials are proving to be pivotal to the evolution of controllable, cost-effective and environmentally safe technologies. An important concern is the impact of low-dimensional compositional materials and their ability to significantly reduce the hazardous nature of flame retardants that are reputably harmful through unchecked inhalation. While eco-friendly and recyclable alternatives are necessary requirements to function as replacements for the ‘Next Generation’ of flame retardants, the underlying ‘Chemistry’ at the nanoscale is unfolding unlocking vital clues enabling the development of more effective retardants. In this direction, the dimensional order of particles in naturally occurring nanoclay materials and their associated properties as composites are gaining increasing attention as important constituents of flame retardants. In this review, we examine closer the compositional importance of intercalated/exfoliated nanoclay networks essential to retardant functionality exploring the chemical significance and discussing underlying mechanisms where possible.","PeriodicalId":408707,"journal":{"name":"Flame Retardants [Working Title]","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125514431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flame Retardant Treatments of Nylon Textiles: A Shift towards Eco-Friendly Approaches","authors":"C. Kundu, Zhiwei Li, Lei Song, Yuan Hu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.94880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94880","url":null,"abstract":"Among the synthetic polymeric textiles, Nylon (Polyamide) textiles (Nylon66/Nylon 6) are one of the most widely used materials, especially as apparel and industrial uses for their excellent properties, namely higher strength and good wear resistance. Unfortunately, due to their organic structures, they show the relative ease of burning, which poses a great risk to fire. For the flame retardant (FR) treatment of nylon textiles, several strategies have been developed throughout the years and the earlier studies show the enormous uses of petroleum-based flame retardant compounds via energy intensive application methods. However, the rapid improvement in living standards as well as the recent call for a reduction of environmental impacts during manufacturing and use have been pushed researchers to come up with environmentally benign chemistries and processes. Therefore, the challenges in search of the most sustainable, efficient and durable flame retardant treatments for nylon textiles still remain as a hot topic to be addressed. This chapter discusses the eco-friendly approaches that have been taken in escalating the fire performance of these novel nylon textiles, especially focusing on the applied compounds and the application techniques along with the durability issues of such applications.","PeriodicalId":408707,"journal":{"name":"Flame Retardants [Working Title]","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130877464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}