{"title":"“The world’s greatest center of … propaganda”","authors":"L. Nanney","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The years 1934-37, during which Dos Passos undertook three film projects, were critical in Dos Passos’s literary career and political thought. He believed that capitalism was another of the monolithic forces of the machine age, like the military, that could eradicate individual self-determination. But he saw increasing danger in Stalin’s repressive regime and what he considered American Communists’ subordination of workers’ interests to Party ideology. His nascent political ambivalence emerges in the first two volumes of U.S.A., The 42nd Parallel (1930) and 1919 (1932). By 1934, when he accepted a short-term contract as screenwriter for Paramount, he was engaged in work on the third volume, The Big Money (1936), and his experiences while working on a film vehicle for Marlene Dietrich, The Devil Is a Woman (1935, dir. Josef von Sternberg), solidified his conviction of the complicity between the Hollywood “dreamfactory” and capitalism to stoke American consumer culture. While the manuscript of the Paramount film shows signs of Dos Passos’s aesthetics, it is The Big Money’s film-inflected narrative representation of the corruption of the industry that articulates the impact of both the formal and the cultural dynamics of film on his work.","PeriodicalId":407994,"journal":{"name":"John Dos Passos and Cinema","volume":"227 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134183758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Filming History and The Spanish Earth","authors":"L. Nanney","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Dos Passos was instrumental in initiating The Spanish Earth, a 1937 documentary film relief effort for the Republican fight against fascism in the Spanish Civil War, although he likely did not contribute to its writing. Yet the dangerous, divisive circumstances surrounding the film’s creation and his collaboration with its Communist director Joris Ivens and with colleague Ernest Hemingway during its production in Spain challenged Dos Passos’s beliefs about the relationship between politics and art and profoundly affected his subsequent career. The execution of a Spanish friend, José Robles, at the hands of Russian military personnel who were ostensibly Republican allies, and a subsequent coverup, led Dos Passos to re-evaluate his leftist political positions, his professional alliance with Ivens, and his longtime friendship with Hemingway. The film and its circumstances raised complex questions about the dynamics between fact and fictionalization in documentary and the artist’s ethical and aesthetic responsibilities. Dos Passos’s choices to report fully on the repercussions of factionalization in the Spanish anti-fascist cause, to represent multiple perspectives of the looming greater European conflict, and to articulate unequivocally his conviction that Communism was compromising both European and U.S. leftist movements earned opprobrium from literary critics who had theretofore lionized him.","PeriodicalId":407994,"journal":{"name":"John Dos Passos and Cinema","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115270012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"L. Nanney","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Though The Spanish Earth (1937) is likely the only film most readers will associate with the novelist Dos Passos, the other three film projects he undertook, both produced and unproduced, provide new insight into the cinematic aesthetics that inform the methods of his ground-breaking modernist novels. Although his later fiction incorporated fewer innovative adaptations of film devices into their styles, in novels such as Most Likely to Succeed (1954) he continued to address what he saw as the failure of the film industry to fulfil its artistic and cultural potential. But innovative filmmakers in the twenty-first century have frequently cited Dos Passos’s narrative devices and preoccupations as central influences, and current films exploring the power of monopolistic corporations and consumerism and blurring distinctions among genres echo the writer’s modernist themes and methods. The diverse range of Dos Passos’s own cinematic viewing throughout his life reflects his lifelong interest in new ways of telling a story.","PeriodicalId":407994,"journal":{"name":"John Dos Passos and Cinema","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130083290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Filmic Narrative into Narrative Film","authors":"L. Nanney","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"After 1937 and the Spanish Civil War, although Dos Passos remained concerned with the individual’s struggle for self-determination, his work now focused on his conviction that the paramount monolithic force threatening personal liberties was Communism. That concern likewise shaped his attempts in the 1950s and 1960s to adapt U.S.A. into film. A dramatic revue of U.S.A., by Paul Shyre with Dos Passos, was staged between 1953 and 1960. NBC scheduled but never produced a television adaptation of The Big Money in 1957, and a lawyer, Nick Spanos, held a film option on U.S.A. during the 1950s and early 1960s but never secured a production deal. In 1956, however, Dos Passos undertook the project himself, creating a full screen treatment of U.S.A. that he titled “One Life Is Not Enough.” Never produced, its manuscript focuses on just a few characters, narrative arcs, and modal segments, but does retain his critique of the film industry. Its attempt to translate the trilogy’s film-inflected style into cinematic form lacks the novels’ innovative dynamic, however. Nor does this treatment allow form to articulate ideas as had the also-unproduced “Dreamfactory.” Overt anti-Communism drives the later treatment; its ideological agenda simplifies its aesthetics.","PeriodicalId":407994,"journal":{"name":"John Dos Passos and Cinema","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133969052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Propaganda for peace”","authors":"L. Nanney","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The narrativization of early film during its transition from one-reel nickelodeon attraction to full-length multi-reel feature incorporated the story-telling devices and perspectival conventions of the novel. Dos Passos’ firm grasp of these conventions is evident from his novels of that period, including Manhattan Transfer (1925) and the beginnings of U.S.A. His earlier war novels One Man’s Initiation: 1917 and Three Soldiers (1921), drawing from his own military experiences, demonstrate his understanding also of the emotional and behavioral impact of film and the beginnings of his exploration of how film achieves its power. His military training showed him how movies could be exploited to incite aggression, compel conformity, and overwhelm individual thinking. But by incorporating into his early novels the strategies of film editing developed by pioneers such as D.W. Griffith, Dos Passos was attempting to recreate film’s powerful potentials as a means to elicit individual thought and democratic activism. His use of film as subject and signifier in his modernist novels and his adaptation of cinematic technique in their forms are central to their response to the possibilities and the threats of the machine age that fostered the rise of cinema.","PeriodicalId":407994,"journal":{"name":"John Dos Passos and Cinema","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126872577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Film Writing","authors":"L. Nanney","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954873.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"In 1936, his politics still leftist but increasingly apprehensive about Communism, Dos Passos used his exposure to the Hollywood film industry to create his only independent film treatment, “Dreamfactory.” This manuscript, though never produced as a film, is the only film project he undertook consisting entirely of his own concepts and his own writing. “Dreamfactory” imagines visually what The Big Money communicates by adapting montage to the page: the complicit relationship between film and the creation of material desire that fuels capitalism. Using the techniques of montage Dos Passos had absorbed from early U.S. and Soviet film, the treatment employs the tools of its own making to critique itself as a product. This innovative work presaged the political and professional crisis that would emerge from Dos Passos’s next film project, the documentary The Spanish Earth (1937): though Dos Passos wrote the “Dreamfactory” treatment, its ideological direction was the subject of correspondence between him and the Dutch Communist filmmaker, Joris Ivens, who would direct the Spanish film. Ivens’ conception of his art as a vehicle to be shaped by the ideological demands of the Party would conflict with Dos Passos’s belief that art should evoke creative engagement and individual choice.","PeriodicalId":407994,"journal":{"name":"John Dos Passos and Cinema","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124666575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvk12qw8.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk12qw8.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407994,"journal":{"name":"John Dos Passos and Cinema","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121858481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Film Writing:","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvk12qw8.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk12qw8.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407994,"journal":{"name":"John Dos Passos and Cinema","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130263950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“The world’s greatest center of … propaganda”:","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvk12qw8.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk12qw8.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407994,"journal":{"name":"John Dos Passos and Cinema","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128096736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Filming History and The Spanish Earth:","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvk12qw8.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk12qw8.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407994,"journal":{"name":"John Dos Passos and Cinema","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134227481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}