Israeli Foreign Policy since the End of the Cold War最新文献_第2页

The Dividends of Engagement 参与的红利

Israeli Foreign Policy since the End of the Cold War Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.1017/9781107280618.009

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Engagement Incomplete 接触不完整

Israeli Foreign Policy since the End of the Cold War Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.1017/9781107280618.007

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The Resurgence of Unilateralism 单边主义抬头

Israeli Foreign Policy since the End of the Cold War Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/9781107280618.017

Amnon Aran

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Between Engagement and Unilateralism 在接触与单边主义之间

Israeli Foreign Policy since the End of the Cold War Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/9781107280618.013

Amnon Aran

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List of Persons Interviewed 受访人士名单

Israeli Foreign Policy since the End of the Cold War Pub Date : 2019-06-03 DOI: 10.18356/B5145922-EN

Hannah Birkenkötter, Gabriele Köhler, Anke Stock

引用次数: 1

On the Brink of Peace? 在和平的边缘?

Israeli Foreign Policy since the End of the Cold War Pub Date : 2016-06-16 DOI: 10.7228/manchester/9781784993023.003.0010

Alan Rosenthal

引用次数: 1

A Perfect Storm 完美风暴

Israeli Foreign Policy since the End of the Cold War Pub Date : 2015-03-16 DOI: 10.1017/9781107280618.015

C. Swannell

{"title":"A Perfect Storm","authors":"C. Swannell","doi":"10.1017/9781107280618.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107280618.015","url":null,"abstract":"the authors reply: Dr. Nauseef points out that the phagocytic NADPH oxidase in the plasma membrane releases reactive oxygen species on the outside of the cell. NADPH oxidase and its homologues may also release reactive oxygen species from intracellular granules, from the endoplasmic reticulum, and into intracellular phagocytic vacuoles.1,2 In the setting of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, these mechanisms are speculative, and if NADPH oxidase is involved, it seems more likely that hydrogen peroxide would diffuse back into the smooth-muscle cell across the plasma membrane. We have previously shown that NADPH oxidase, containing the gp91 subunit, is involved in normoxic generation of reactive oxygen species in mouse lungs.3 However, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction persists when this source of reactive oxygen species is removed, suggesting that it is not essential for initiating that condition. Our work and that of others would favor the mitochondria as a source of signaling reactive oxygen species, at least in the pulmonary arteries. The oxygen-sensitive factor HIF-1 may play a role in the body’s response to inflammation and infection, as suggested by Dr. Eltzschig and colleagues. Although the many actions of HIF-1 are fascinating, they fall outside the scope of our review, which was limited to acute oxygen sensing. It is clear that the chronic response of the pulmonary vasculature to hypoxia does involve HIF activation. Rats that are heterozygous for HIF-1 manifest less chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and have less right ventricular hypertrophy.4 Repeated periods of hypoxia have been associated with an increased incidence of dementia. 1. Chronic hypoxia increases the formation of betaamyloid peptides, and these in turn increase the expression of L-type calcium channels.5 As stated by Dr. Khan, the loss of calcium homeostasis may cause neurotoxicity and be involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Dr. Moskowitz asks whether ACE may play a part in oxygen sensing. Although ACE is active in the pulmonary circulation, we are unaware of rigorous data indicating that it is involved in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction or in oxygen sensing in general. Angiotensin II, in common with many other vasoconstrictors, will enhance hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, but this action is probably distinct from the mechanism of sensing. To date, few data in animals or humans have suggested that ACE inhibitors are beneficial in pulmonary hypertension. Any effect on the pulmonary circulation may be offset by the tendency to cause systemic vasodilation, which can cause hypotension and syncope in patients with pulmonary hypertension. E. Kenneth Weir, M.D. Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center Minneapolis, MN 55417 weirx002@umn.edu","PeriodicalId":405855,"journal":{"name":"Israeli Foreign Policy since the End of the Cold War","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122169943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1