Georgios Kornaros, K. Harteros, I. Christoforakis, M. Astrinaki
{"title":"I/O virtualization utilizing an efficient hardware system-level Memory Management Unit","authors":"Georgios Kornaros, K. Harteros, I. Christoforakis, M. Astrinaki","doi":"10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972448","url":null,"abstract":"We present the hardware architecture and extensions of an Input-Output Memory Management Unit (IOMMU) utilized in heterogeneous SoCs that support full virtualization. The proposed IOMMU architecture offers unique innovative features supporting multiple concurrently active virtual machine instances (VMs) with zero-latency world-context switching and enabling address translation services for up to a thousand virtual domains while serving multiple devices. At the same the proposed design allows for serving multiple address translation requests in parallel and per domain Translation Look-aside Buffer (TLB) invalidation.","PeriodicalId":401348,"journal":{"name":"2014 International Symposium on System-on-Chip (SoC)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124269875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feriel Ben Abdallah, C. Trabelsi, R. B. Atitallah, M. Abed
{"title":"Early power-aware Design Space Exploration for embedded systems: MPEG-2 case study","authors":"Feriel Ben Abdallah, C. Trabelsi, R. B. Atitallah, M. Abed","doi":"10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972450","url":null,"abstract":"Power consumption has become one of the major concerns in embedded systems design, especially for mobile devices, which integrate many applications leading to a high power consumption. In this context, designers have the challenge to identify power issues early in the design flow and to explore the largest possible space of power-efficient solutions. In this paper, we present a Model Driven Engineering (MDE) approach for early power-aware Design Space Exploration (DSE). This approach is based on a high-level modeling of power estimation and dynamic management aspects targeting an automatic generation of the corresponding simulation code. It was implemented in the DSE toolkit TTool by integrating power concepts in its DIPLODOCUS UML profile. The existing C++ simulation code generator was extended in order to integrate power estimation. The main objective of this article is to illustrate the potential of our approach through an MPEG-2 case study. The proposed high-level power modeling concepts were used to target two different platforms for the implementation of an MPEG-2 decoding application. The processor power estimates obtained from simulations were compared to real board measurements. This comparison showed that our MDE approach is capable of obtaining results that can be used to make early power-efficient design decisions.","PeriodicalId":401348,"journal":{"name":"2014 International Symposium on System-on-Chip (SoC)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115178584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"System on chip design of a linear system solver","authors":"J. Bucek, P. Kubalík, R. Lórencz, T. Zahradnický","doi":"10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972445","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is focused on hardware error-free solution of dense linear systems using residual arithmetic on a System on Chip Modular System. The designed Modular System uses Residual Processors (RP)s for solving independent linear systems in residue arithmetic and combines RP solutions into solution of the linear system. In order to efficiently exploit parallel processing and cooperation of the individual components, a System on Chip architecture of the Modular System with several RPs is designed, each with a large memory unit used for data transfer and storage. A Xilinx FPGA architecture with a MicroBlaze processor is used to verify the proposed architecture. The experimental results are obtained for an evaluation FPGA board with Virtex 6 and a 1 GiB DDR memory and serve for further theoretical analysis of the system performance for various linear system sizes and the architecture of the system. The proposed system can be useful as a special hardware peripheral or a part of an embedded system.","PeriodicalId":401348,"journal":{"name":"2014 International Symposium on System-on-Chip (SoC)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130263257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Kelly, Martin Flasskamp, Gregor Sievers, J. Ax, Jianing Chen, Christian Klarhorst, Christoph Ragg, T. Jungeblut, Andrew Sorensen
{"title":"A communication model and partitioning algorithm for streaming applications for an embedded MPSoC","authors":"W. Kelly, Martin Flasskamp, Gregor Sievers, J. Ax, Jianing Chen, Christian Klarhorst, Christoph Ragg, T. Jungeblut, Andrew Sorensen","doi":"10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972436","url":null,"abstract":"Energy efficient embedded computing enables new application scenarios in mobile devices like software-defined radio and video processing. The hierarchical multiprocessor considered in this work may contain dozens or hundreds of resource efficient VLIW CPUs. Programming this number of CPU cores is a complex task requiring compiler support. The stream programming paradigm provides beneficial properties that help to support automatic partitioning. This work describes a compiler for streaming applications targeting the self-build hierarchical CoreVA-MPSoC multiprocessor platform. The compiler is supported by a programming model that is tailored to fit the streaming programming paradigm. We present a novel simulated-annealing (SA) based partitioning algorithm, called Smart SA. The overall speedup of Smart SA is 12.84 for an MPSoC with 16 CPU cores compared to a single CPU implementation. Comparison with a state of the art partitioning algorithm shows an average performance improvement of 34.07%.","PeriodicalId":401348,"journal":{"name":"2014 International Symposium on System-on-Chip (SoC)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114961920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Janne Virtanen, Lauri Matilainen, E. Salminen, T. Hämäläinen
{"title":"Implementation of Multicore communications API","authors":"Janne Virtanen, Lauri Matilainen, E. Salminen, T. Hämäläinen","doi":"10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972434","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an implementation of Multicore Communications API (MCAPI), with focus on portability, stability, and simplicity of the design. The main motivation for the implementation is instability of other publicly available implementations. The developed implementation utilizes POSIX message queues, that is an easily portable interface and readily compatible with MCAPI. The performance was measured as latency and transfer rate of the API. The measurement platforms were a x86-64 PC and a development board featuring an ARM processor. A MCAPI implementation was used as reference for comparison. PMQ-MCAPI is much more stable and easily usable than other MCAPI implementations publicly available for PC. When transfer size was between 1-8 KiB, latency of transfers between cores was between 9-15 μs and transfer rate 500-5000 MBps. This translates to 27 000-45 000 cycles and 0.16-1.67 bytes per cycle. CPU and especially performance of its cache were concluded as the most important factors contributing to the performance. In comparison to the reference, latency of the implementation was 1/8 at best, while transfer rate was up to 35x.","PeriodicalId":401348,"journal":{"name":"2014 International Symposium on System-on-Chip (SoC)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116008118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy-efficiency of floating-point and fixed-point SIMD cores for MIMO processing systems","authors":"D. Günther, Andreas Bytyn, R. Leupers, G. Ascheid","doi":"10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972429","url":null,"abstract":"For computational tasks with regular data access patterns, e.g. vector arithmetic, single instruction multiple data (SIMD) processor cores present a viable alternative to application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Even though the additional flexibility of a programmable core comes at the expense of reduced area- and energy efficiency, this price is potentially worth paying in application domains with a multitude of standards and use cases as it is the case in the domain of wireless communications. The high dynamic range of values that occurs in multi-antenna wireless baseband processing calls for the use of numerical stabilization measures like QR factorization and scaling when operating on a fixed-point processor core. A floating-point core on the other hand covers a wider dynamic range, rendering such measures unnecessary at the price of increased power consumption. This work compares a floating-point and a fixed-point SIMD core in a case study of linear MIMO detection. After evaluating the numerical precision requirements, the achievable throughput of both cores is compared along with the maximum achievable area- and energy efficiency for several use cases, resulting in an assessment as to which number format is best suited for which use case.","PeriodicalId":401348,"journal":{"name":"2014 International Symposium on System-on-Chip (SoC)","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129896176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parallel and distributed simulation of networked multi-core systems","authors":"P. Wehner, D. Göhringer","doi":"10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972446","url":null,"abstract":"The development of complex networked multi-core systems, like compute nodes in the Internet-of-Things, requires new simulation and design concepts. In this paper we present an environment for the asynchronous simulation of networked multi-core systems, based on SystemC. Combined with the open-source machine emulator and virtualizer QEMU, a virtual network is created. The compute nodes act similar to recent Systems-on-Chip from Xilinx and Altera. By combining an ARM processing system with programmable logic, a high flexibility is provided. We exemplary simulate these systems by extending QEMU, following its device model abstraction qdev. The resulting network benefits from the execution on different host systems. It is highly scalable and designed for the development of complex networked multi-core systems. For the non-distributed execution on one processor we implemented an alternative communication method which takes only 2/3 of the time for networked simulation.","PeriodicalId":401348,"journal":{"name":"2014 International Symposium on System-on-Chip (SoC)","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114160515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Keyed logic BIST for Trojan detection in SoC","authors":"E. Dubrova, M. Näslund, G. Carlsson, B. Smeets","doi":"10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972433","url":null,"abstract":"As demonstrated by the recent attack on Intel's Ivy Bridge processor, the traditional Logic Built-In Self-Test (LBIST) methods do not provide adequate protection of SoC against malicious modifications known as hardware Trojans. In this paper, we introduce a simple but efficient countermeasure against hardware Trojans which exploits non-zero aliasing probability of LBIST. We propose to generate LBIST test patterns based on a configurable key which is decided and programed into the circuit after the manufacturing stage. Since the key and hence expected LBIST signature are unknown at the manufacturing stage, an attack based on selecting suitable values for the Trojan which result in the same signature as a fault-free circuit signature becomes infeasible.","PeriodicalId":401348,"journal":{"name":"2014 International Symposium on System-on-Chip (SoC)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133910896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A cycle-accurate Network-on-Chip simulator with support for abstract task graph modeling","authors":"J. Joseph, Thilo Pionteck","doi":"10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972440","url":null,"abstract":"This papers presents the design of a Network-on-Chip (NoC) simulator for design space exploration of router architectures. The simulator supports cycle-accurate router models and in addition allows the simulation of router architectures, which can adjust their processing according to the traffic type. Realistic traffic patterns are derived from task graph models of real-world applications that are simulated in parallel to the NoC at transaction level. Combining cycle-accurate router simulation and abstract task graph simulation circumvents the limitations of most NoC simulators, which either use synthetic traffic patterns or unrealistic and fixed router models. The proposed simulator architecture is presented in detail and its suitability is shown by means of a case study.","PeriodicalId":401348,"journal":{"name":"2014 International Symposium on System-on-Chip (SoC)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127134985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fast Memory Region: 3D DRAM memory concept evaluated for JPEG2000 algorithm","authors":"A. Schönberger, K. Hofmann","doi":"10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSOC.2014.6972443","url":null,"abstract":"3D stacking technology provides defined connection impedance and wide and flexible interface. These options enable new architecture approaches and memory concepts for DRAM layers. The most important findings on memory usage is locality principle. This principle is formulated as thumb rule therefore exact rate requires measure for given application using trace driven simulations. This big overhead is useless if application is unknown. Averaging and estimation offer solutions here. This work presents Fast Memory Region - a memory concept that provides an universal 3D DRAM hardware architecture that exploits locality principle for any application. The configuration step, in contrast to cache, is located in software. We evaluate the concept on JPEG2000 algorithm and show that, for encoder procedure execution, all necessary measure data can be extracted from short trace driven simulation runs. Simulations results show 5% reduction of run time overhead compared to cache acceleration only.","PeriodicalId":401348,"journal":{"name":"2014 International Symposium on System-on-Chip (SoC)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122854317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}