American journal of disaster medicine最新文献

{"title":"Haddon matrix analysis of medical preparedness for mass gathering music festivals.","authors":"Andrew J Rosenblum,&nbsp;Christopher M Wend,&nbsp;Asa M Margolis","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Beginning in the 1960s as a tool to disaggregate complicated auto injuries, the Haddon matrix has evolved into a modern method of analyzing complex public health challenges. Throughout the United States and internationally, music festivals have become a rapidly growing and increasingly complex area of mass gathering medicine. Given the austere environment and inherent challenges of providing medical care during a music festival, we utilized a modified Haddon matrix. The objective is to assess the relevant human, physical, and sociocultural factors that impact these festivals throughout the pre-event, event, and post-event time periods. This will ensure an all-hazards preparedness approach to the historically high incidence of traumatic injuries and polysubstance abuse, coupled with modern challenges such as infectious diseases and acts of intentional violence.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39812844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Availability and use of medications by prehospital providers trained to manage medical complications of patients in hazardous materials incidents.","authors":"K Moses Mhayamaguru,&nbsp;Joshua B Gaither,&nbsp;Robert N E French,&nbsp;Nicholas D Christopher,&nbsp;Kristina E Waters,&nbsp;Isrealia Jado,&nbsp;Amber D Rice,&nbsp;Daniel Beskind,&nbsp;Mary C Knotts,&nbsp;Jennifer Ronnebaum,&nbsp;Jennifer Smith,&nbsp;Frank G Walter","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Little is known about prehospital availability and use of medications to treat patients from hazardous materials (hazmat) medical emergencies. The aim of this study was to identify the availability and frequency of use of medications for patients in hazmat incidents by paramedics with advanced training to care for these patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospectively validated survey was distributed to United States paramedics with advanced training in the medical management of patients from hazmat incidents who successfully completed a 16-hour Advanced Hazmat Life Support (AHLS) Provider Course from 1999 to 2017. The survey questioned hazmat medication availability, storage, and frequency of use. Hazmat medications were considered to have been used if administered anytime within the past 5 years. For analyses, medications were grouped into those with hazmat indications only and those with multiple indications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survey email was opened by 911 course participants and 784 of these completed the survey (86.1 percent). Of these 784 respondents, 279 (35.6 percent) reported carrying dedicated hazmat medication kits, ie, tox-boxes, and 505 (64.4 percent) did not carry tox-boxes. For those medications specifically for hazmat use, hydroxocobalamin was most commonly available, either within or not within a dedicated tox-box. Of the 784 respondents, 313 (39.9 percent) reported carrying hydroxocobalamin and 69 (8.8 percent) reported administering it within the past 5 years. For medications with multiple indications, availability and use varied: for example, of the 784 respondents, albuterol was available to 699 (89.2 percent) and used by 572 (73.0 percent), while calcium gluconate was available to 247 (31.5 percent) and used by 80 (10.2 percent) within the last 5 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Paramedics with advanced training in the medical management of patients in hazmat incidents reported limited availability and use of medications to treat patients in hazmat incidents.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39812840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of radiation dread on mass casualty medical management during a radiological or nuclear event.","authors":"Mary Sproull,&nbsp;Naoru Koizumi,&nbsp;Emanuel Petricoin,&nbsp;Gregory D Koblentz,&nbsp;William G Kennedy","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0396","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the events of 9/11, a concerted interagency effort has been undertaken to create comprehensive emergency planning and preparedness strategies for management of a radiological or nuclear event in the US. These planning guides include protective action guidelines, medical countermeasure recommendations, and systems for diagnosing and triaging radiation injury. Yet, key areas such as perception of risk from radiation exposure by first responders have not been addressed. In this article, we identify the need to model and develop new strategies for the medical manage-ment of large-scale population exposures to radiation, examine the phenomena of radiation dread and its role in emergency response, and review recent findings on the willingness to work of first responders and other personnel involved in mass casualty medical management during a radiological or nuclear event.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39311061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nursing home evacuations due to disasters in the United States over 22.5 years from 1995 to 2017.","authors":"Aishwarya Sharma,&nbsp;Sharon E Mace","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A large and growing segment of the United States population resides in nursing homes. Many nursing home residents have multiple comorbidities, are unable to perform activities of daily living, and need assistance for their daily functioning. They are some of the most fragile and vulnerable members of the population. Disasters are increasing in frequency and severity. This makes it likely that disasters will strike nursing homes and affect their residents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of disasters in the United States that resulted in nursing home evacuations. There were 51 reported nursing home evacuations due to a disaster over 22.5 years between 1995 and 2017. Natural disasters were responsible for the majority of evacuations (58.8 percent) followed by man-made unintentional disasters (37.3 percent) and man-made intentional (arson) (3.9 percent). The single most common reason for evacuation was hurricanes (23.5 percent, N = 12) and internal fires (23.5 percent, N = 12). Water-related disasters accounted for nearly three-fourths of the natural disasters (hurricanes 40 percent, N = 12; floods, 33.3 percent, N = 10; total 73.3 percent, N = 22), then snow/ice storms (13.3 percent, N = 4). Of man-made disasters, over two-thirds (66.7 percent) were due to internal fires (internal fires, n = 12, 57.1 percent and arson n = 2, 9.5 percent; total N = 14, 66.7 percent). The highest number of evacuations occurred in Texas, Louisiana, Missouri, New York, and Pennsylvania. This knowledge should enable nursing home administrators, disaster planners, public health officials, and others to improve preparedness for disasters that lead to nursing home evacuations.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39311062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident: Various issues with iodine distribution and medication orders.","authors":"Isao Nakajima,&nbsp;Kiyoshi Kurokawa","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immediately after the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011, the public could not receive accurate information concerning about the reality of the accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant because of communication problems with mobile phone base stations caused by power outages and the inadequate use of communication satellites between local governments. These telecommunications troubles caused not only a delay between the Japanese central government to local governments, but also a failure in conveying the seriousness of the accident to residents. The central government issued evacuation orders, but in some areas, a delay was seen in the time residents took to notice the orders. Some residents were forced to change their evacuation site several times and move to areas with higher radiation exposure. Although iodine preparations needed to be distributed to saturate the thyroid gland and reduce the uptake of iodine-131, a radioactive isotope, many municipalities were unable to secure them. Preparations were distributed on March 15, 2011 when the detectable amount of radioactive isotopes peaked, but only the Naraha and Miharu towns received them. At the time of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident, communication lines had already been interrupted by the major earthquake that struck on March 11, and information systems between local governments were not communicating well. With such a social infrastructure, residential evacuation orders were inadequate, and the delivery of medication was extremely difficult. The experience of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident suggests that the government should have distributed iodine preparations to residents living within a 30-km radius of the plant in advance, so that they could learn about the background and side effects of the drug beforehand. This distribution strategy is similar to that of targeted antivirus prophylaxis (TAP), which is an extralegal policy carried out in situations where face-to-face medical treatment is impossible because of an outbreak during a pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39311063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Independent learning of the sonographic FAST exam technique using a tablet-based training module.","authors":"Rachel M Leavitt,&nbsp;Patrick A Arpin,&nbsp;Brandon M Nielsen,&nbsp;Nena Lundgreen Mason","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study is to determine if a specific tablet-based training module can be used as an effective tool for independently training novice sonographers in the components of the focused assessment for sonography in trauma (FAST) exam.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Participants attended a 15-minute orientation presentation followed by a 2-hour ultrasound scanning workshop where they used a novel tablet-based training module to learn the components of the FAST exam independently.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>This study took place at an accredited United States college of osteopathic medicine.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Thirty-two first-year medical student volunteers without any prior ultrasound training in abdominal scanning.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>Training activities included brief didactic training and participation in an independent learning FAST exam workshop.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Participants filled out subjective pre- and post-training self-confidence questionnaires and were objectively assessed and scored on their scanning skills.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comparison of the pre- and post-training subjective questionnaires showed a statistically significant (p < 0.001) increase in participant confidence in performing all components of the FAST exam. During skill evaluation, participants collectively demonstrated correct technique in 366 (82 percent) of the 448 total FAST exam scanning tasks they attempted.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on these findings, the authors believe that learning to perform the FAST exam with this digital training module is an effective means of independently acquiring ultrasound skill. Digital ultrasound training modules like this one could have several useful applications, such as serving as an educational resource, or functioning as a point-of-care scanning adjunct to medical professionals in underdeveloped and rural areas where formal ultrasound training is not available.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39311090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparedness of senior centers for active shooter incidents.","authors":"Steven Lawrence Paciorek,&nbsp;Lauren Birmingham,&nbsp;Anuja L Sarode,&nbsp;Sonia Alemagno","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The main objective was to evaluate the preparedness of senior centers (SCs) for active shooter (AS) events and test the hypothesis that most SCs were not organized to properly handle AS incidents.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A cross-sectional study based on questionnaire with quantitative measures.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>A questionnaire-based multistate survey of SC Directors (SCDs) of public and private SCs.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>SCs were included upon receipt of answers from SCDs to questionnaire-based survey, resulting in 139 SCs from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Maryland, Indiana, Illinois, New York, and West Virginia.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measure: </strong>SCs, SCDs, and SCs' staff preparedness and vulnerability to an AS event.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over half (56 percent) of SCDs replied that their center was not prepared for an AS event. A significant (p < 0.01) association was found between the SCD's perception of being prepared and the availability of a formal AS preventive policy. The lack of panic buttons and surveillance cameras was significantly (p < 0.01) associated with the feeling of inability by SCDs to respond effectively to an AS event. Those SCDs who were confident about their AS preparedness felt significantly (p < 0.01) better prepared to respond to an AS incident. Personal interviews with content experts agreed that all SCDs should take steps to develop an official AS preparedness policy, but its implementation should be the direct responsibility of local policymakers and legislators.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Most SDCs and SCs are unprepared for AS incidents. SCDs should review or develop specific recommendations and implement plans for a better preparedness of SCs and SCDs for AS events. Considering the inherent high vulnerability of older adults, there is an urgent need to have such AS policy in place.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39311094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating approaches to emergency department pandemic physician staffing during COVID-19.","authors":"Rohit B Sangal,&nbsp;Arjun K Venkatesh,&nbsp;Jeremiah Kinsman,&nbsp;Meir Dashevsky,&nbsp;Jean E Scofi,&nbsp;Andrew Ulrich","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>During pandemics, emergency departments (EDs) are challenged by the need to replace quarantined ED staff and avoid staffing EDs with nonemergency medicine (EM) trained physicians. We sought to design and examine three feasible ED staffing models intended to safely schedule EM physicians to staff three EDs within a health system during a prolonged infectious disease outbreak.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted simulation analyses examining the strengths and limitations of three ED clinician staffing models: two-team and three-team fixed cohort, and three-team unfixed cohort. Each model was assessed with and without immunity, and by varying infection rates. We assumed a 12-week pandemic disaster requiring a 2-week quarantine.</p><p><strong>Main outcome: </strong>The outcome, time to staffing shortage, was defined as depletion of available physicians in both 8- and 12-hour shift duration scenarios.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All staffing models initially showed linear physician attrition with higher infection rates resulting in faster staffing shortages. The three-team fixed cohort model without immunity was not viable beyond 11 weeks. The three-team unfixed cohort model without immunity avoided staffing shortage for the duration of the pandemic up to an infection rate of 50 percent. The two-team model without immunity also avoided staffing shortage up to 30 percent infection rate. When accounting for immunity, all models behaved similarly initially but returned to adequate staffing during week 5 of the pandemic.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Simulation analyses reveal fundamental tradeoffs that are critical to designing feasible pandemic disaster staffing models. Emergency physicians should test similar models based on local assumptions and capacity to ensure adequate staffing preparedness for prolonged pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39311091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing the Sphere Project's standards for patient's healthcare rights in the disaster zone: The experience of the Israeli field hospital in post-quake Nepal.","authors":"Deganit Kobliner-Friedman,&nbsp;Ofer Merin,&nbsp;Eran Mashiach,&nbsp;Reuven Kedar,&nbsp;Shai Schul,&nbsp;Evan Avraham Alpert","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2021.0387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emergency medical teams (EMTs) encounter chaos upon arriving at the scene of a disaster. Rescue efforts are utilitarian and focus on providing the technical aspects of medical care in order to save the most lives at the expense of the individual. This often neglects the basic healthcare rights of the patient. The Sphere Project was initiated to develop universal humanitarian standards for disaster response. The increase in the number of EMTs led the World Health Organization (WHO) to organize standards for disaster response. In 2016, the WHO certified the Israel Defense Forces Field Hospital (IDF-FH) as the first to be awarded the highest level of accreditation (EMT-3). This paper presents the IDF-FH's efforts to protect the patient's healthcare rights in a disaster zone based on the Sphere Principles. These core Sphere Principles include the right to professional medical treatment; the right to dignity, privacy, and confidentiality; the right for information in an understandable language; the right to informed consent; the obligation to maintain private medical records; the obligation to adhere to universal ethical standards, to respect culture and custom and to care for vulnerable populations; the right to protection from sexual exploitation and violence; and the right to continued treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38954588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospital evacuations due to disasters in the United States in the twenty-first century.","authors":"Sharon E Mace,&nbsp;Aishwarya Sharma","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2020.0351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2020.0351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hospitals, which care for some of the most vulnerable individuals, have been impacted by disasters in the past and are likely to be affected by future disasters. Yet data on hospital evacuations are infrequent and outdated, at best. This goal of this study was to determine the characteristics and frequency of disasters in the United States that have resulted in hospital evacuations by an appraisal of the literature from 2000 to 2017. There were 158 hospital evacuations in the United States over 18 years. The states with the highest number of evacuations were Florida (N = 39), California (N = 30), and. Texas (N = 15). The reason for the evacuation was \"natura\" in 114 (72.2 percent), made-man \"intentional\" 14 (8.9 percent), and man-made \"unintentional\" or technological related to internal hospital infrastructure 30 (19 percent).The most common natural threats were hurricanes (N = 65) (57 percent), wildfires (N = 21) (18.4 percent), floods (N = 10) (8.8 percent), and storms (N = 8) (7 percent). Bombs/bomb threats were the most common reason (N = 8) (57.1 percent) for a hospital evacuation result-ing from a man-made intentional disaster, followed by armed gunman (N = 4) (28.6 percent). The most frequent infrastruc-ture problems included hospital fires/smoke (N = 9) (30 percent), and chemical fumes (N = 7) (23.3 percent). Of those that reported the duration and number of evacuees, 30 percent of evacuations lasted over 24 h and the number of evacuees was >100 in over half (55.2 percent) the evacuations. This information regarding hospital evacuations should allow hospital administrators, disaster planners, and others to better prepare for disasters that result in the need for hospital evacuation.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38270374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}