Emerging Themes in Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Estimating the prevalence of dementia using multiple linked administrative health records and capture-recapture methodology.","authors":"Michael Waller,&nbsp;Gita D Mishra,&nbsp;Annette J Dobson","doi":"10.1186/s12982-017-0057-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-017-0057-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obtaining population-level estimates of the incidence and prevalence of dementia is challenging due to under-diagnosis and under-reporting. We investigated the feasibility of using multiple linked datasets and capture-recapture techniques to estimate rates of dementia among women in Australia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This work is based on the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. A random sample of 12,432 women born in 1921-1926 was recruited in 1996. Over 16 years of follow-up records of dementia were obtained from five sources: three-yearly self-reported surveys; clinical assessments for aged care assistance; death certificates; pharmaceutical prescriptions filled; and, in three Australian States only, hospital in-patient records.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2534 women had a record of dementia in at least one of the data sources. The aged care assessments included dementia records for 79.3% of these women, while pharmaceutical data included 34.6%, death certificates 31.0% and survey data 18.5%. In the States where hospital data were available this source included dementia records for 55.8% of the women. Using capture-recapture methods we estimated an additional 728 women with dementia had not been identified, increasing the 16 year prevalence for the cohort from 20.4 to 26.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.2, 26.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates that using routinely collected health data with record linkage and capture-recapture can produce plausible estimates for dementia prevalence and incidence at a population level.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"14 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2017-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-017-0057-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34784339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participatory epidemiology: the contribution of participatory research to epidemiology","authors":"M. Bach, S. Jordan, Susanne Hartung, C. Santos-Hövener, M. Wright","doi":"10.1186/s12982-017-0056-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-017-0056-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2017-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-017-0056-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46149110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring diurnal variation using piecewise linear splines: an example using blood pressure","authors":"J. Madden, Xia Li, P. Kearney, K. Tilling, A. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1186/s12982-017-0055-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-017-0055-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2017-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-017-0055-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42874047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parameters associated with design effect of child anthropometry indicators in small-scale field surveys","authors":"E. Hulland, C. Blanton, Eva Leidman, O. Bilukha","doi":"10.1186/s12982-016-0054-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-016-0054-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-016-0054-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65723548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrition surveillance using a small open cohort: experience from Burkina Faso","authors":"Mathias Altmann, C. Fermanian, B. Jiao, Chiara Altare, Martin Loada, M. Myatt","doi":"10.1186/s12982-016-0052-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-016-0052-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-016-0052-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65723500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of dementia recorded in routinely collected hospital admission data in England with dementia recorded in primary care.","authors":"Anna Brown, Oksana Kirichek, Angela Balkwill, Gillian Reeves, Valerie Beral, Cathie Sudlow, John Gallacher, Jane Green","doi":"10.1186/s12982-016-0053-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12982-016-0053-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Electronic linkage of UK cohorts to routinely collected National Health Service (NHS) records provides virtually complete follow-up for cause-specific hospital admissions and deaths. The reliability of dementia diagnoses recorded in NHS hospital data is not well documented.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For a sample of Million Women Study participants in England we compared dementia recorded in routinely collected NHS hospital data (Hospital Episode Statistics: HES) with dementia recorded in two separate sources of primary care information: a primary care database [Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), n = 340] and a survey of study participants' General Practitioners (GPs, n = 244).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dementia recorded in HES fully agreed both with CPRD and with GP survey data for 85% of women; it did not agree for 1 and 4%, respectively. Agreement was uncertain for the remaining 14 and 11%, respectively; and among those classified as having uncertain agreement in CPRD, non-specific terms compatible with dementia, such as 'memory loss', were recorded in the CPRD database for 79% of the women. Agreement was significantly better (p < 0.05 for all comparisons) for women with HES diagnoses for Alzheimer's disease (95 and 94% agreement with any dementia for CPRD and GP survey, respectively) and for vascular dementia (88 and 88%, respectively) than for women with a record only of dementia not otherwise specified (70 and 72%, respectively). Dementia in the same woman was first mentioned an average 1.6 (SD 2.6) years earlier in primary care (CPRD) than in hospital (HES) data. Age-specific rates for dementia based on the hospital admission data were lower than the rates based on the primary care data, but were similar if the delay in recording in HES was taken into account.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dementia recorded in routinely collected NHS hospital admission data for women in England agrees well with primary care records of dementia assessed separately from two different sources, and is sufficiently reliable for epidemiological research.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65723535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of recall time on cause-of-death findings using verbal autopsy: empirical evidence from rural South Africa","authors":"L. Hussain-Alkhateeb, M. Petzold, M. Collinson, S. Tollman, K. Kahn, P. Byass","doi":"10.1186/s12982-016-0051-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-016-0051-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-016-0051-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65723485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing delivery practices of mothers over time and over space in Uganda, 2003-2012.","authors":"Daniel A Sprague,&nbsp;Caroline Jeffery,&nbsp;Nadine Crossland,&nbsp;Thomas House,&nbsp;Gareth O Roberts,&nbsp;William Vargas,&nbsp;Joseph Ouma,&nbsp;Stephen K Lwanga,&nbsp;Joseph J Valadez","doi":"10.1186/s12982-016-0049-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-016-0049-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is well known that safe delivery in a health facility reduces the risks of maternal and infant mortality resulting from perinatal complications. What is less understood are the factors associated with safe delivery practices. We investigate factors influencing health facility delivery practices while adjusting for multiple other factors simultaneously, spatial heterogeneity, and trends over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We fitted a logistic regression model to Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) data from Uganda in a framework that considered individual-level covariates, geographical features, and variations over five time points. We accounted for all two-covariate interactions and all three-covariate interactions for which two of the covariates already had a significant interaction, were able to quantify uncertainty in outputs using computationally intensive cluster bootstrap methods, and displayed outputs using a geographical information system. Finally, we investigated what information could be predicted about districts at future time-points, before the next LQAS survey is carried out. To do this, we applied the model to project a confidence interval for the district level coverage of health facility delivery at future time points, by using the lower and upper end values of known demographics to construct a confidence range for the prediction and define priority groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We show that ease of access, maternal age and education are strongly associated with delivery in a health facility; after accounting for this, there remains a significant trend towards greater uptake over time. We use this model together with known demographics to formulate a nascent early warning system that identifies candidate districts expected to have low prevalence of facility-based delivery in the immediate future.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results support the hypothesis that increased development, particularly related to education and access to health facilities, will act to increase facility-based deliveries, a factor associated with reducing perinatal associated mortality. We provide a statistical method for using inexpensive and routinely collected monitoring and evaluation data to answer complex epidemiology and public health questions in a resource-poor setting. We produced a model based on this data that explained the spatial distribution of facility-based delivery in Uganda. Finally, we used this model to make a prediction about the future priority of districts that was validated by monitoring and evaluation data collected in the next year.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"13 ","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-016-0049-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34484063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A distributional approach to obtain adjusted comparisons of proportions of a population at risk.","authors":"Odile Sauzet,&nbsp;Jürgen Breckenkamp,&nbsp;Theda Borde,&nbsp;Silke Brenne,&nbsp;Matthias David,&nbsp;Oliver Razum,&nbsp;Janet L Peacock","doi":"10.1186/s12982-016-0050-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-016-0050-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dichotomisation of continuous data has statistical drawbacks such as loss of power but may be useful in epidemiological research to define high risk individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We extend a methodology for the presentation of comparison of proportions derived from a comparison of means for a continuous outcome to reflect the relationship between a continuous outcome and covariates in a linear (mixed) model without losing statistical power. The so called \"distributional method\" is described and using perinatal data for illustration, results from the distributional method are compared to those of logistic regression and to quantile regression for three different outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Estimates obtained using the distributional method for the comparison of proportions are consistently more precise than those obtained using logistic regression. For one of the three outcomes the estimates obtained from the distributional method and from logistic regression disagreed highlighting that the relationships between outcome and covariate differ conceptually between the two models.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>When an outcome follows the required condition of distribution shift between exposure groups, the results of a linear regression model can be followed by the corresponding comparison of proportions at risk. This dual approach provides more precise estimates than logistic regression thus avoiding the drawback of the usual dichotomisation of continuous outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"13 ","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-016-0050-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34561507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Middle-Upper Arm Circumference \"normally\" distributed? Secondary data analysis of 852 nutrition surveys.","authors":"Severine Frison,&nbsp;Francesco Checchi,&nbsp;Marko Kerac,&nbsp;Jennifer Nicholas","doi":"10.1186/s12982-016-0048-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-016-0048-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Wasting is a major public health issue throughout the developing world. Out of the 6.9 million estimated deaths among children under five annually, over 800,000 deaths (11.6 %) are attributed to wasting. Wasting is quantified as low Weight-For-Height (WFH) and/or low Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) (since 2005). Many statistical procedures are based on the assumption that the data used are normally distributed. Analyses have been conducted on the distribution of WFH but there are no equivalent studies on the distribution of MUAC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This secondary data analysis assesses the normality of the MUAC distributions of 852 nutrition cross-sectional survey datasets of children from 6 to 59 months old and examines different approaches to normalise \"non-normal\" distributions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The distribution of MUAC showed no departure from a normal distribution in 319 (37.7 %) distributions using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Out of the 533 surveys showing departure from a normal distribution, 183 (34.3 %) were skewed (D'Agostino test) and 196 (36.8 %) had a kurtosis different to the one observed in the normal distribution (Anscombe-Glynn test). Testing for normality can be sensitive to data quality, design effect and sample size. Out of the 533 surveys showing departure from a normal distribution, 294 (55.2 %) showed high digit preference, 164 (30.8 %) had a large design effect, and 204 (38.3 %) a large sample size. Spline and LOESS smoothing techniques were explored and both techniques work well. After Spline smoothing, 56.7 % of the MUAC distributions showing departure from normality were \"normalised\" and 59.7 % after LOESS. Box-Cox power transformation had similar results on distributions showing departure from normality with 57 % of distributions approximating \"normal\" after transformation. Applying Box-Cox transformation after Spline or Loess smoothing techniques increased that proportion to 82.4 and 82.7 % respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This suggests that statistical approaches relying on the normal distribution assumption can be successfully applied to MUAC. In light of this promising finding, further research is ongoing to evaluate the performance of a normal distribution based approach to estimating the prevalence of wasting using MUAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"13 ","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-016-0048-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34458281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}