Emerging Themes in Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Standard multiple imputation of survey data didn't perform better than simple substitution in enhancing an administrative dataset: the example of self-rated health in England.","authors":"Frank Popham, Elise Whitley, Oarabile Molaodi, Linsay Gray","doi":"10.1186/s12982-021-00099-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12982-021-00099-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health surveys provide a rich array of information but on relatively small numbers of individuals and evidence suggests that they are becoming less representative as response levels fall. Routinely collected administrative data offer more extensive population coverage but typically comprise fewer health topics. We explore whether data combination and multiple imputation of health variables from survey data is a simple and robust way of generating these variables in the general population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We use the UK Integrated Household Survey and the English 2011 population census both of which included self-rated general health. Setting aside the census self-rated health data we multiply imputed self-rated health responses for the census using the survey data and compared these with the actual census results in 576 unique groups defined by age, sex, housing tenure and geographic region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with original census data across the groups, multiply imputed proportions of bad or very bad self-rated health were not a markedly better fit than those simply derived from the survey proportions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While multiple imputation may have the potential to augment population data with information from surveys, further testing and refinement is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8310590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39218692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whatever can go wrong, need not go wrong: Open Quality approach for epidemiology.","authors":"Sandra Alba, Masja Straetemans","doi":"10.1186/s12982-021-00098-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12982-021-00098-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quality assurance is one of the most important aspects of an epidemiological study, as its validity is largely determined by data quality. The mounting success of quality management in the industrial sector caused a rapid spread throughout manufacturing industries and beyond. Yet, little has been published so far on quality assurance in epidemiology. In this article we review three models for quality assurance (Juran, Donabedian and ISO 9000) and showcase how these can be brought together in one intuitive, systematic and flexible approach to quality assurance in epidemiology. The resulting Open Quality approach refers back to the three processes identified by Juran (planning, control and verification). During the planning stage, we propose a subdivision of the study process in a set of steps and a definition of quality attributes corresponding to activities in that step as suggested by the ISO approach. We refer to the Donabedian model to determine the level at which the control/monitoring should take place-structure, processes or outcomes. Along with an overview of the Open Quality approach we propose an Open Quality tool to support the definition of quality attributes, failure modes, preventive strategies, verification activities, and corrective actions, which form the backbone of the Open Quality approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8285770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39193845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women's voices on social media: the advent of feminist epidemiology?","authors":"Céline Miani, Yudit Namer","doi":"10.1186/s12982-021-00097-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12982-021-00097-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Social media have in recent years challenged the way in which research questions are formulated in epidemiology and medicine, and in particular when it comes to women's health. They have contributed to the emergence of 'new' public health topics (e.g. gynaecological and obstetric violence, long-Covid), the unearthing of testimonials of medical injustice, and in some cases, the creation of new evidence and changes in medical practice.</p><p><strong>Main text: </strong>From a theoretical and methodological perspective, we observe two powerful mechanisms at play on social media, which can facilitate the implementation of feminist epidemiological research and address so-called anti-feminist bias: social media as a 'third' space and the power of groups. Social media posts can be seen as inhabiting a third space, akin to what is said off the record or in-between doors, at the end of a therapy session. Researchers somehow miss the opportunity to use the third spaces that people occupy. Similarly, another existing space that researchers are seldom interested in are peer-groups. Peer-groups are the ideal terrain to generate bottom-up research priorities. To some extent, their on-line versions provide a safe and emancipatory space, accessible, transnational, and inclusive. We would argue that this could bring feminist epidemiology to scale.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the emancipatory power of social media, we propose recommendations and practical implications for leveraging the potential of online-sourced feminist epidemiology at different stages of the research process (from design to dissemination), and for increasing synergies between researchers and the community. We emphasise that attention should be paid to patriarchal sociocultural contexts and power dynamics, the mitigation of risks for political recuperation and stigmatisation, and the co-production of respectful discourse on studied populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8206893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39238837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Birth weight and childhood obesity: effect modification by residence and household wealth.","authors":"Helen Andriani","doi":"10.1186/s12982-021-00096-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-021-00096-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There are both genetic and environmental factors which contribute to a child's chances of being obese. When low birth weight (LBW) has been specifically evaluated relative to its association with childhood obesity, the results have produced conflicting findings. This study aims to describe the relationship between birth weight and childhood obesity and investigate the influence that residence and household wealth has on this relationship.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>I performed a secondary analysis on the 2013 Riskesdas (or Basic Health Research), a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of the Indonesian population. Height, weight, information regarding child's birth weight, and basic characteristics of the study population were collected from parents with children aged 0 to 5 years (n = 63,237) in 2013. The exposure was child's birth weight and the outcomes were child's current weight, BMI z-score, and obesity. Data were analyzed by using multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>I found a significant increase in the weight, BMI z-score, and risk of childhood obesity to be associated with LBW. LBW children in rural area were associated with higher BMI z-score (mean ± standard error: 1.44 ± 0.02) and higher odds (odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 7.46 (6.77-8.23)) of obesity than those in urban area. LBW children from low class families were associated with higher BMI z-score (1.79 ± 0.04) and had higher odds (14.79 (12.47-17.54)) of obesity than those from middle class and wealthy families.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Effective prevention and intervention to childhood obesity as early as possible are imperative. As far as this study was concerned, efforts, policies, and targets are required to reduce the prevalence of LBW. Children born of LBW, who live in a rural area and from low income families, should be emphatically intervened as early as possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-021-00096-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38970235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical strategies for handling breakdown of multiple imputation procedures.","authors":"Cattram D Nguyen, John B Carlin, Katherine J Lee","doi":"10.1186/s12982-021-00095-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12982-021-00095-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple imputation is a recommended method for handling incomplete data problems. One of the barriers to its successful use is the breakdown of the multiple imputation procedure, often due to numerical problems with the algorithms used within the imputation process. These problems frequently occur when imputation models contain large numbers of variables, especially with the popular approach of multivariate imputation by chained equations. This paper describes common causes of failure of the imputation procedure including perfect prediction and collinearity, focusing on issues when using Stata software. We outline a number of strategies for addressing these issues, including imputation of composite variables instead of individual components, introducing prior information and changing the form of the imputation model. These strategies are illustrated using a case study based on data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8017730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25539738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cohort study of survival following discharge from hospital in rural Tanzanian children using linked data of admissions with community-based demographic surveillance.","authors":"Oscar Mukasa,&nbsp;Honorati Masanja,&nbsp;Don DeSavigny,&nbsp;Joanna Schellenberg","doi":"10.1186/s12982-021-00094-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-021-00094-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To illustrate the public health potential of linking individual bedside data with community-based household data in a poor rural setting, we estimated excess pediatric mortality risk after discharge from St Francis Designated District Hospital in Ifakara, Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Linked data from demographic and clinical surveillance were used to describe post-discharge mortality and survival probability in children aged < 5 years, by age group and cause of admission. Cox regression models were developed to identify risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between March 2003 and March 2007, demographic surveillance included 28,910 children aged 0 to 5 years and among them 831 (3%) were admitted at least once to the district hospital. From all the children under the demographic surveillance 57,880 person years and 1381 deaths were observed in 24 months of follow up. Survivors of hospital discharge aged 0-5 years were almost two times more likely to die than children of the same age in the community who had not been admitted (RR = 1.9, P < 0.01, 95% CI 1.6, 2.4). Amongst children who had been admitted, mortality rate within a year was highest in infants (93 per 1000 person years) and amongst those admitted due to pneumonia and diarrhoea (97 and 85 per 1000 person years respectively). Those who lived 75 km or further from the district hospital, amongst children who were admitted and survived discharge from hospital, had a three times greater chance of dying within one year compared to those living within 25 km (adjusted HR 3.23, 95% CI 1.54,6.75). The probability of surviving the first 30 days post hospitalization was 94.4% [95% CI 94.4, 94.9], compared to 98.8% [95% CI 97.199.5] in non-hospitalized children of the same age in the commuity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study illustrates the potential of linking health related data from facility and household levels. Our results suggest that families may need additional support post hospitalization.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-021-00094-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25492039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with age-disparate sexual partnerships among males and females in South Africa: a multinomial analysis of the 2012 national population-based household survey data.","authors":"Musawenkosi Mabaso, Lungelo Mlangeni, Lehlogonolo Makola, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Inbarani Naidoo, Yogandra Naidoo, Buyisile Chibi, Khangelani Zuma, Leickness Simbayi","doi":"10.1186/s12982-021-00093-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12982-021-00093-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In South Africa, age-disparate to sexual relationships where the age difference between partners is 5 years or greater is an important contributor to the spread of HIV. However, little is known about the predictors of age-disparate sexual relationships. This study investigates factors associated with age-disparate sexual relationships among males and females in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This analysis used the 2012 nationally representative population-based household survey conducted using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling design. Multivariate multinomial stepwise logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with age-disparate sexual relationships.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 15,717 participants, who responded to the question on age-disparate sexual relationships, 62% males versus 58.5% females had partners within 5 years older or younger, 34.7% of males versus 2.7% of females had partners at least 5 years younger and 3.3% of males versus 38.8% of females had partners at least 5 years older. Among both males and females predictors of age-disparate sexual relationships were education, employment, socioeconomic status, locality type, age at sexual debut, condom use at last sexual act and HIV status while race was also an additional predictor for among females. Including unprotected sex and risk of HIV infection among adolescent girls and young women with sexual partners 5 years older their age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study suggest that there is a need for reprioritizing the combination of behavioural and structural interventions to address risky sexual behaviours, unprotected sex, poverty, limited education and gender inequitable norms related to age-disparate sexual relationships and HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-021-00093-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25467510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensuring Emerging Themes in Epidemiology's continued success.","authors":"Steven S Coughlin","doi":"10.1186/s12982-021-00092-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-021-00092-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-021-00092-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38869240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigation of biases in estimating hazard ratios under non-sensitive and non-specific observation of outcomes-applications to influenza vaccine effectiveness.","authors":"Ulrike Baum,&nbsp;Sangita Kulathinal,&nbsp;Kari Auranen","doi":"10.1186/s12982-020-00091-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-020-00091-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Non-sensitive and non-specific observation of outcomes in time-to-event data affects event counts as well as the risk sets, thus, biasing the estimation of hazard ratios. We investigate how imperfect observation of incident events affects the estimation of vaccine effectiveness based on hazard ratios.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Imperfect time-to-event data contain two classes of events: a portion of the true events of interest; and false-positive events mistakenly recorded as events of interest. We develop an estimation method utilising a weighted partial likelihood and probabilistic deletion of false-positive events and assuming the sensitivity and the false-positive rate are known. The performance of the method is evaluated using simulated and Finnish register data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The novel method enables unbiased semiparametric estimation of hazard ratios from imperfect time-to-event data. False-positive rates that are small can be approximated to be zero without inducing bias. The method is robust to misspecification of the sensitivity as long as the ratio of the sensitivity in the vaccinated and the unvaccinated is specified correctly and the cumulative risk of the true event is small.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The weighted partial likelihood can be used to adjust for outcome measurement errors in the estimation of hazard ratios and effectiveness but requires specifying the sensitivity and the false-positive rate. In absence of exact information about these parameters, the method works as a tool for assessing the potential magnitude of bias given a range of likely parameter values.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12982-020-00091-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38819761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing methods of performing geographically targeted rural health surveillance.","authors":"David C Lee, Nancy A McGraw, Kelly M Doran, Amanda K Mengotto, Sara L Wiener, Andrew J Vinson, Lorna E Thorpe","doi":"10.1186/s12982-020-00090-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12982-020-00090-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Worsening socioeconomic conditions in rural America have been fueling increases in chronic disease and poor health. The goal of this study was to identify cost-effective methods of deploying geographically targeted health surveys in rural areas, which often have limited resources. These health surveys were administered in New York's rural Sullivan County, which has some of the poorest health outcomes in the entire state.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Comparisons were made for response rates, estimated costs, respondent demographics, and prevalence estimates of a brief health survey delivered by mail and phone using address-based sampling, and in-person using convenience sampling at a sub-county level in New York's rural Sullivan County during 2017.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall response rates were 27.0% by mail, 8.2% by phone, and 71.4% for convenience in-person surveys. Costs to perform phone surveys were substantially higher than mailed or convenience in-person surveys. All modalities had lower proportions of Hispanic respondents compared to Census estimates. Unadjusted and age-adjusted prevalence estimates were similar between mailed and in-person surveys, but not for phone surveys.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings are consistent with declining response rates of phone surveys, which obtained an inadequate sample of rural residents. Though in-person surveys had higher response rates, convenience sampling failed to obtain a geographically distributed sample of rural residents. Of modalities tested, mailed surveys provided the best opportunity to perform geographically targeted rural health surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":39896,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Themes in Epidemiology","volume":"17 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7686693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38691221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}