The Oxford Handbook of Central American History最新文献

Interpreting the History of a Region in Crisis 解读危机地区的历史

The Oxford Handbook of Central American History Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.1

R. Holden

{"title":"Interpreting the History of a Region in Crisis","authors":"R. Holden","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"As Latin America’s most well-defined multinational region, Central America stands apart primarily for its distinctive status as an isthmus between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, surely its most historically consequential feature, but not its only one. Ever since its separation from the Spanish monarchy two centuries ago, Central America’s fraught political history has been marked by antagonistic tendencies within the region both for and against unification, by successive national and regional movements in favor of reform, revolution and counter-revolution, and by the intervention of external powers, particularly the United States. As a result, a persistent pattern of violence, instability and lawlessness has also distinguished its political history, as its economy continues to rank among the poorest of Latin America. This introductory essay interprets the region’s largely unsought separation from Spain (a process that spanned the years 1808 to 1821) as the hinge event of the last 500 years, having launched what the author calls Central America’s ongoing, two-century “crisis of order.” The cross-regional and country-level essays that follow this introduction reach back to the period before the Spanish conquest and proceed to the beginning of the twenty-first century. Each chapter aims to both synthesize and evaluate the main directions of the historiography related to its particular theme. The overall purpose of the volume is to highlight both Central America’s distinctiveness as a region and the attributes it shares with the rest of Latin America, while encouraging the comparative study of national, cross-national, and subnational historical experiences both within Central America, and between it and other places within and beyond Latin America.","PeriodicalId":398874,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Central American History","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121706721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Cultural Crossroads of Colonial Central America 中美洲殖民地的文化十字路口

The Oxford Handbook of Central American History Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.25

Brianna Leavitt-Alcántara

引用次数: 0

The Ancient Civilizations 古代文明

The Oxford Handbook of Central American History Pub Date : 2021-11-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.4

William R. Fowler

引用次数: 0

Central America under Spanish Colonial Rule 西班牙殖民统治下的中美洲

The Oxford Handbook of Central American History Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.7

S. Webre

{"title":"Central America under Spanish Colonial Rule","authors":"S. Webre","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"The Central American isthmus was under Spanish colonial rule for approximately three centuries (ca. 1502–1821). Known interchangeably as the kingdom, audiencia, or captaincy-general of Guatemala, the region occupied territory that would later become the republics of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, plus the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Unlike New Spain and Peru, Central America did not possess great mineral wealth, but its location between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans made it an important strategic asset. As did other parts of Spain’s overseas empire, Central America presented challenges of governance and defense. During the Habsburg era (to 1700), the colonial state took shape organically, drawing upon existing peninsular models within a framework of collaboration between the monarchy and local allies, including colonial and indigenous elites and the Roman Catholic Church. This system was not elegant, but it worked as long as authorities in Spain were willing to accept a degree of corruption and inefficiency in public administration. Under the Bourbons (1700–1821), Spain’s new rulers undertook an ambitious program of reforms meant to correct the weaknesses of the old system, while promoting economic growth, strengthening defenses, and enhancing revenues. Judged by their own standards, the Bourbon Reforms registered some successes, but they also bred disaffection. The eventual cost became apparent when the traditional allegiances forged in the Habsburg era dissolved under the pressure of constant warfare, and especially the 1808 Napoleonic invasion of Spain, which precipitated the empire-wide independence crisis.","PeriodicalId":398874,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Central American History","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114197401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Regaining Ground 恢复地面

The Oxford Handbook of Central American History Pub Date : 2021-02-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.3

P. Herlihy, Matthew Fahrenbruch, Taylor Tappan

引用次数: 0

Honduras 洪都拉斯

The Oxford Handbook of Central American History Pub Date : 2020-09-02 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.19

D. Euraque

引用次数: 0

The Cold War 冷战

The Oxford Handbook of Central American History Pub Date : 2020-06-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.13

Joaquín M. Chávez

{"title":"The Cold War","authors":"Joaquín M. Chávez","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"Global and regional political and cultural trends shaped a set of interrelated and persistent conflicts between authoritarian regimes and democratic and revolutionary forces during the Cold War in Central America. US Cold War anticommunism, in particular, abetted authoritarian governments that sparked major conflicts in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. The failure of the post-World War II wave of democratization in Central America led to persistent revolutionary and counterrevolutionary politics in the next three decades. Two successive waves of revolution emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. The reverberations of the Cuban Revolution and US counterinsurgency mainly shaped the first wave of revolution and counterrevolution in the 1960s. The Cuban Revolution, progressive Catholicism, and the Sandinista Revolution mainly shaped the second wave of revolution and counterrevolution in the 1970s and 1980s. The armed conflict in Guatemala (1960–1996), El Salvador’s Civil War (1980–1992), and the Contra War in Nicaragua (1979–1991) became the last major Cold War conflicts in Latin America. The changing dynamics of the conflicts on the ground and the international consensus in favor of peace negotiations in Central America that emerged at the end of the Cold War enabled the political settlement of the conflicts. The peace processes that put an end to the armed conflicts created fragile democracies in the midst of the neoliberal restructuring of the 1990s, which limited the meaning of social citizenship in Central America.","PeriodicalId":398874,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Central American History","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114776287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

El Salvador 萨尔瓦多

The Oxford Handbook of Central American History Pub Date : 2020-06-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.20

Erik Ching

引用次数: 0

The Rise and Retreat of the Armed Forces 军队的兴衰

The Oxford Handbook of Central American History Pub Date : 2020-06-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.15

Orlando J. Pérez, Randy Pestana

{"title":"The Rise and Retreat of the Armed Forces","authors":"Orlando J. Pérez, Randy Pestana","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"The armed forces of Central America predate the development of the modern nation-state. It is difficult to understand the political and social history of the region without examining the role of the military. Strong men leading local armed militias emerged out of the ashes of the Spanish Empire to rule the newly independent nations. As military institutions developed, an alliance between the armed forces and powerful economic elites sought to govern the nation-states by suppressing and exploiting popular sectors often through brutal repression. Authoritarianism and economic underdevelopment led to multiple uprisings which helped shape the nature of politics and democratic governance in contemporary Central America. In explaining this we explore the evolution of the armed forces, focusing particular attention on the political influence of the military in the development of the modern nation-state, and on the process of democratization in the late twentieth century. We then examine the role the United States has played in promoting and sustaining military rule. Finally, we analyze the consequences of late-twentieth-century peace processes on the retreat of military power and on the building of democracy.","PeriodicalId":398874,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Central American History","volume":"62 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123304431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Central America and the United States 中美洲和美国

The Oxford Handbook of Central American History Pub Date : 2020-06-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190928360.013.12

M. Gobat

引用次数: 0