Ralfo Edmundo da Silva Matos , Carlos Fernando Ferreira Lobo , Aguirre Araújo Chaves
{"title":"Evolução recente da propriedade domiciliar no Brasil","authors":"Ralfo Edmundo da Silva Matos , Carlos Fernando Ferreira Lobo , Aguirre Araújo Chaves","doi":"10.14350/rig.47358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.47358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The issue of private property and its correlation with the expansion of modernity, with the affirmation of industrial capitalism, and with the consecration of laws and fundamental clauses is age-old and permeates the philosophical approaches from Plato and Aristotle to Morus, Hobbes, and Locke, reaching even authors from the Age of Enlightenment such as Rousseau and Voltaire, among others. The debate over private property is, therefore, a recurring subject that still captures the attention of many research scholars. In Brazil, given the historical record of the dispossessed, the late abolition of slavery (1888), and the sheer size of the country, it is a given fact that owning a household has always been the dream of millions of families. Even today, millions of precarious households shape the physiognomy of Brazilian cities. Nevertheless, recent census data have lead to the conclusion that changes in this scenario have occurred.</p><p>In urban Brazil, the growth rate of “owned” and “unowned” households has been greater than demographic growth, especially in the North, Midwest, and Northeast<span></span> regions of the country. The “unowned” / “owned” proportion has risen in all Sates of the Federal Union, and in many cases, this increase has been remarkable, in excess of 40%. The three regions where the growth rate of “owned” households proved to be higher (North, Northeast, and Midwest) also stand out among those that show the most noticeable increase in the ratio between “owned” and “unowned” households. The results also indicate a strong expansion of “unowned” and rented households in the country. The annual growth reached 3.79% from 2000 to 2010, significantly higher than the growth of the resident population in Brazil, and all states showed positive growth rates. The proportion of “owned” households by city, as compared to the average of “owned” households in Brazil, clearly shows that, in the vast majority of Brazilian cities, the percentage of “owned” households was high in both 2000 and 2010. As regards “unowned” households, it is important to highlight the amount of households managed as real estate for rent. The expansion of this type of real estate may well relativize the supposed advantages of the expansion of household real estate. What should also be noted is the increase in the proportion of rented urban households over this period in all States of the Federal Union. The most significant increases occurred in the North (8.2%), Northeast (6.2%), and Midwest (6.0%) regions of the country. To note, all the states in the North, Midwest, and Northeast regions (except for Ceará), and the states of Espírito Santo and Santa Catarina, are above the mean national growth rate (4.7%). Thus, it can be inferred that where there is an accelerated expansion of “owned” real estate, there is also a simultaneous acceleration of the supply of real estate for rent.</p><p>A decline in households deemed inappropriate is also evident. There are d","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.47358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90001806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Fernando Aceves Quesada , Gabriel Legorreta Paulín , José Lugo Hubp , Juan Umaña Romero , Héctor Alfredo Legorreta Cuevas
{"title":"Sistemas de información geográfica y cartografía geomorfológica aplicados al inventario de deslizamientos y cartografía de susceptibilidad en la cuenca del río El Estado, Pico de Orizaba, México","authors":"José Fernando Aceves Quesada , Gabriel Legorreta Paulín , José Lugo Hubp , Juan Umaña Romero , Héctor Alfredo Legorreta Cuevas","doi":"10.14350/rig.46503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.46503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the aim of raising awareness on the prevention of landslide disasters, this work develops a methodology that incorporates geomorphological mapping into the mapping of landslide susceptibility using Geographic Information Systems (<span>gis</span>) and Multiple Logistic Regression (<span>mlr</span>). In Mexico, some studies have evaluated the stability of hillsides using <span>gis</span>. However, these studies set a general framework and guidance (that includes basic concepts and explanations of landslide classification, triggering mechanisms, criteria, considerations, and analysis for landslide hazard reconnaissance, etc.) for preparing a landslide atlas at state and city levels. So far, these have not developed a practical and standardized approach incorporating geomorphological maps into the landslide inventory using <span>gis</span>. This paper describes the analysis conducted to develop an analytical technique and morphometric analysis for a multi-temporal landslide inventory. Three data management levels are used to create <span>gis</span> thematic layers. For the first level, analogue topographic, geological, land-use, and climate paper are converted to raster format, georeferenced, and incorporated as <span>gis</span> thematic layers. For the second level, five layers are derived from topographic elevation data: slope angles, slope curvature, contributing area, flow direction, and saturation. For the third level, thematic maps are derived from the previous two levels of data: a hypsometric map (heuristically classified to highlight altimetric levels), a reclassified slope map (allowing to highlight differences in relief), and a morphographic map (derived from a heuristic reclassification of the slope map to highlight volcanic landforms). The theoretical aspects of geomorphological mapping contribute to set the conceptual basis to support landslide mapping. The <span>gis</span> thematic layers provide context and establish an overall characterization of landslide processes within the watershed. Through the retrieval and on-off switching of layers in the <span>gis</span> system, a base map is created to assist in the digitizing of landslides and the modeling of susceptibility. A landslide inventory is created from aerial photographs, field investigations, and all the above <span>gis</span> thematic layers. El Estado river watershed on the southwestern flank of Pico de Orizaba volcano has been selected as study area. The watershed is located in the southwestern slope of Citlaltepetl or Pico de Orizaba volcano. Geological (the stream channel of El Estado river erodes Tertiary and Quaternary lavas, disjointed volcanoclastic materials such as pyroclastic flows, fall deposits, lahars deposits, and alluvium) and geomorphological factors (steep slopes, energy relief, and vertical erosion) in combination with high seasonal rainfall (annual rainfall averages 1000-1100 mm/yr at > 4000 m a.s.l. and 927 mm/yr at <1500 m a.s.l.), and ","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.46503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90016930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Variações da reflectância e dos índices de vegetação em função dos parâmetros da modelagem topográfica no Parque Estadual do Turvo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil","authors":"William Gaida , Fábio Marcelo Breunig , Lênio Soares Galvão , Thiago Sousa Teles , Rafaelo Balbinot","doi":"10.14350/rig.52159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.52159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Remote sensing techniques have been widely used in forestry studies as they allow evaluation and monitoring of large forested areas. The Parque Estadual do Turvo (<span>pet</span>) (17 491 ha) is the largest remaining tract of well-preserved subtropical deciduous forest in Southern Brazil, it constitutes the northern-most portion of the Misiones forest of Argentina (10 000 km<sup>2</sup>). The area is of great environmental importance and is suitable for conducting remote sensing studies using high or even coarse-to-moderate spatial resolution data and related vegetation indices. Both, reflectance values and vegetation indices are affected by external factors that modify the spectral response of surface elements. Among the factors that can induce errors in image interpretation are topographic effects that add spectral variability to satellite products. In addition, previous studies in subtropical forests have shown that the geometry of data acquisition also affects significantly the estimates of vegetation parameters derived from images acquired at off-nadir viewing or by sensors with large field-of-view (FOV).</p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the magnitude of variations in bidirectional reflectance values and in vegetation indices derived from those, as a function of local topography, using high spatial resolution data acquired by the RapidEye satellite constellation.</p><p>The method included the use of a digital elevation model (<span>dem</span>) from the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer – Global Digital Elevation Map version 2 (<span>aster gdem</span> v2) and two RapidEye scenes. From the <span>dem</span>, topographical parameters including slope aspect (eight classes), elevation (nine classes with 120-m spacing interval) and shaded relief (shaded, intermediate and sunlit surfaces) were derived. These data provide information on areas with or without direct exposure to solar radiation, depending on topographic features. RapidEye data were acquired on June 28, 2012 and October 17, 2012, corresponding to dates when the forest shows low or high leaf area index (<span>lai</span>), respectively. Both scenes were acquired with a view angle close to nadir. Solar elevation angles for the June and October images were 37.93° and 71.25°, respectively. The RapidEye data were corrected for atmospheric effects using the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes (<span>flaash</span><sup>®</sup>). The next step was to perform topographic modeling in order to extract slope, aspect and elevation data. From the topographic variables and the RapidEye metadata, shaded relief was calculated for both scenes. After segmenting the scenes based on the topographic variables, we evaluated the spectral reflectance and vegetation indices, as measured by RapidEye, as a function of topographic parameters. For this purpose, we randomly sampled 1000 pixels from each topographic class. The Normalized Difference Vegetation In","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.52159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91592877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean-François Mas , Richard Lemoine-Rodríguez , Hind Taud
{"title":"Toward a near-real time forest monitoring system [Technical note]","authors":"Jean-François Mas , Richard Lemoine-Rodríguez , Hind Taud","doi":"10.14350/rig.56889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.56889","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90001807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michelle Farfán Gutiérrez , Gerardo Rodríguez-Tapia , Jean-François Mas
{"title":"Análisis jerárquico de la intensidad de cambio de cobertura/uso de suelo y deforestación (2000-2008) en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlán, México","authors":"Michelle Farfán Gutiérrez , Gerardo Rodríguez-Tapia , Jean-François Mas","doi":"10.14350/rig.48600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.48600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hierarchical intensity analysis of land cover/use change is a quantitative framework of nested spatial analyses that allows the estimation of changes using a change matrix at three levels of order: time interval, category, and transition. The intention of this article is to present the advantages of this framework in analyzing the dynamics of land use/ cover change using the change matrix, which has been commonly used for this purpose. However, even though the change matrix identifies some key patterns, it does not indicate whether the observed patterns have derived from processes that are systematically more or less intense than a random or uniform process. Among the most important considerations in intensity of change analysis is the use of a hierarchical order that starts at the time interval level, then takes into account the level of categories and culminates at level of transitions. Thus, the areas of each category at the start and end times serve to establish a uniform basis for the comparison between the expected and observed changes. In this way it is possible to define more clearly the patterns of change between time intervals and identifying potential drivers of the process. We present apply this analysis for two time periods (2000-2004 and 2004-2008) in the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Manantlán (<span>brsm</span>), a highly heterogeneous area in terms of vegetation type and land use, which was declared as a reserve in the last decade of the twentieth century. We used the cartography from <span>inegi</span> at a 1:50,000 scale, updated by means of a Landsat <span>etm</span><sub>+</sub> image for the year 2000, and SPOT 5 images for 2004 and 2008. Our analysis has allowed us to determine the time interval in which the general annual change rate was higher; which categories were most active and which latent; which categories were targets of active transitions; and if the pattern of change remained stable through time. We observed a fast annual rate of change between 2000 and 2004, with an absolute change of 70.936 hectares in comparison to the period 2004-2008, which showed a slower rate of change, of 2,194<!--> <!-->ha in absolute terms. These results show a deceleration in the overall process of transformation of land use, which could be related to the publication and implementation of the BRSM management plan in 2000, which may have restricted land-use change in the core zones.</p><p>At the category level, we found high rates of deforestation of tropical forests to agricultural and livestock production uses, and latency in temperate forests with a slower intensity of transition towards these uses. In this regard, the temperate forests are latent coverages that do not fall in the change intensively in the overall dynamics of change and could mean they are in a state of minor disturbance. However, there might be a degradation process, since in the case of introduction of cattle, this grazing free mainly in the rainy season direc","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.48600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91609962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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