Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Raíces Y Evolución Del Liberalismo De La Escuela Austriaca (Roots and Evolution of Liberalism of the Austrian School)","authors":"Adrian O. Ravier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2514392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2514392","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Este ensayo se propone estudiar las raices del liberalismo de la Escuela Austriaca, y las distintas etapas evolutivas que surgieron desde su fundacion. En este sentido se destacan raices en los pensadores pre-socraticos de la Antigua Grecia, en Juan de Mariana y la Escuela de Salamanca, en las contribuciones del irlandes Richard Cantillon, en la Fisiocracia y el laissez faire frances, en el pensamiento escoces de Adam Smith, David Hume y Adam Ferguson y en la Escuela Clasica britanica que reunio a los “primeros economistas teoricos” a partir del ultimo cuarto del siglo XVIII. Ademas, podria destacarse con cierto paralelismo cronologico a los autores clasicos de las Ciencias Politicas, que desarrollaron una literatura especifica sobre los limites al poder y el control al Leviatan, nutriendo e influenciando los escritos de filosofia politica de los autores austriacos. La tradicion austriaca, sin embargo, surge como “Escuela” en Viena recien a fines del siglo XIX, tomando en general a 1871 como el ano de su fundacion. Su maximo esplendor lo alcanza entre la segunda y tercera decada del siglo XX especialmente con las contribuciones de Ludwig von Mises y Friedrich Hayek, aunque luego –entre 1940 y 1970- sus autores principales caen en el aislamiento. El resurgimiento de los anos 1970 le devuelve a esta Escuela algo de protagonismo, abriendo poco despues una etapa de oportunidades para desarrollos modernos en distintos campos de estudio de la economia. Concluimos el trabajo con algunas reflexiones acerca de la actualidad de la Escuela, con mayor presencia de sus seguidores en las universidades y tambien en revistas cientificas. English Abstract: This paper aims to study the roots of liberalism of the Austrian School, and the various evolutionary stages that emerged from its foundation. They stand rooted in the pre-Socratics of ancient Greece, in Juan de Mariana and the School of Salamanca, in the contributions of the Irish Richard Cantillon, in the French laissez faire of Physiocracy, in the Scottish thinkers as Adam Smith, David Hume and Adam Ferguson, and in the British Classical School that brought the \"first theoretical economists\" from the last quarter of the eighteenth century. It could also stand in some classical authors of Political Science, who developed a specific literature on the limits to power and control the Leviathan, nurturing and influencing political philosophy writings of Austrian authors. The Austrian tradition, however, emerges as \"School\" in Vienna until the late nineteenth century, generally taking 1871 as the year of its founding. It reaches its peak between the second and third decades of the twentieth century, especially the contributions of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, although after 1940 and 1970 among its principal authors fall into isolation. The revival of the 1970s returns to this school some prominence, opening shortly after a period of opportunity for modern developments in various fields o","PeriodicalId":397807,"journal":{"name":"Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123067481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Master or Servant: Language in Thomas Hobbes' Political Philosophy","authors":"A. Pleshkov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2512784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2512784","url":null,"abstract":"Language theory is an important part of Hobbes’ intellectual legacy. Nevertheless, it seems that the value of language can be understood only within political sphere. The role and place of language in Hobbes’ political theory should be examined intimately. What can language say about distinction between natural and political philosophy? Does the sovereign have power over the language of his subjects? Can we distinguish language in the commonwealth and language in the state of nature? Searching for answers to these questions is important not only in the context of the history of philosophy, but allows us to include Hobbes’ ideas in modern political and philosophical discourse.","PeriodicalId":397807,"journal":{"name":"Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115879164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adam Smith on Uncertainty, Degrees of Uncertainty and Public Policy Impacts","authors":"M. E. Brady","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2475523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2475523","url":null,"abstract":"Smith was the first economist and/or philosopher to understand how uncertainty; (a) was different from risk calculations based on fair/unfair lotteries where there was a large amount of evidence; (b) would have to be represented mathematically by intervals; (c) that uncertainty came in degrees or gradations; (d) that the mathematical theory of probability would at best be a limiting case that could be used only when there was a stable, highly repeatable phenomenon being investigated; and (e) that uncertainty would have negative impacts on an economy.Smith and Keynes both understood the negative impacts that could result from constantly changing/attempting to change the tax code in order to generate increased government tax revenue and/or spending. Uncertainty about future tax rates would negatively impact future levels of capital investment and output.Keynes‘s support for using an activist, expansionary fiscal policy, centered on increased government spending, was limited to the case of a depression where the Smith Keynes injunction against allowing the banking system to make loans to speculators for debt leverage had not been properly enforced.","PeriodicalId":397807,"journal":{"name":"Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122515242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferdinando Galiani, an Italian Precursor to the Austrians","authors":"Robert W. McGee","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2417835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2417835","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the contributions Ferdinando Galiani made to Austrian Economics.","PeriodicalId":397807,"journal":{"name":"Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134535383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socialim is Dead, Long Live Socialism!","authors":"V. Popov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2406675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2406675","url":null,"abstract":"Utopian socialists believed that socialism is inevitable because it is a more rational system to organize production and life, a system more in line with the “good” nature of human beings. Marxism rejected this reasoning replacing it with what is known as historical materialism: social systems, it argued, emerge, develop and die not because they correspond more or less to the “natural” aspirations of the people, but because they become more or less competitive in the process of historical evolution – a version of social Darwinism applied not to individuals, but to communities and countries. In particular, Marxism stated that capitalism develops productive forces up to the point when they can no longer be managed efficiently in societies with markets and private property; at this point social property of the means of production and centrally planned economy (CPE) become a more efficient way of managing productive forces, whose social nature has outgrown the narrow capitalist limits. This prediction did not come true – in the XX century socialism came to being not in most advanced capitalist countries, but in the periphery and semi-periphery (USSR, Eastern Europe, China, North Korea, Cuba), and only in North Korea and Cuba it survived into the XXI century. This paper explains why capitalism was competitive in recent 500 years, and why an attempt in the XX century to replace it by socialist CPEs did not succeed. But it argues that there are other reasons, not associated with “social nature of productive forces”, which are finally going to make socialism competitive: the costs of numerous negative consequences of high income inequalities, like greater social tensions, high crime and poor institutional capacity of the state, become larger than the benefits of high savings and investment rate that were making capitalism competitive for 500 years. This “new socialism” will not be necessarily mean a total elimination of markets and private property, but is likely to limit both substantially for the sake of achieving lower income inequality.","PeriodicalId":397807,"journal":{"name":"Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123512375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Competing Liberalisms: The WTO as Class Project","authors":"R. Knox, P. Kotiaho","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2378002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2378002","url":null,"abstract":"Of course, not every mention of 'materialism' yields the same kind of critical insight into the dialectics of historical processes. For all its undeniable sophistication and complexity, Lang’s concept of 'materialism' seems somehow shallow and fundamentally technocratic. The vision of international legal history it encourages us to develop is one populated by planners and policy makers responding to a series of external events. There seems to be very little space left for the discussion of the underlying structural social processes, such as the transformations in the global division of labour and the massive transfers of wealth, property, and political power that were implemented as part of the neoliberal turn. In other words, there seems to be no space left for the question of class struggle and its impact on the international political processes. And that, in our view, is why in the end Lang’s argument, despite all its depth and power, comes across as notably less convincing than it otherwise could have been. In this brief note, we would like to supplement Lang’s account of international trade law’s experience of the neoliberal turn by offering an alternative account grounded in a decidedly different sense of the causal relationship between the 'ideational' and the 'material'.","PeriodicalId":397807,"journal":{"name":"Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131494060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinventing the Kantean Peace: The Emerging Mass Basis of Global Security","authors":"R. Inglehart, C. Welzel, B. Puranen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2373153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2373153","url":null,"abstract":"This article demonstrates that inter-state peace is underpinned by an increasingly solid mass basis: representative survey data from around the world evidence a massive decline in people’s willingness to sacrifice their lives in war. To explain this finding, we test and confirm Welzel’s Evolutionary Emancipation Theory (EET). When improving existential conditions in a society turn most people’s lives from a source of threats to suffer into a source of opportunities to thrive, people adopt ‘emancipative values’: to allow themselves and others to take advantage of life’s widened opportunities, people increasingly support and tolerate universal freedoms. This emancipatory trend is most significant in a field in which the fixation of traditional survival norms on high fertility erected the strongest resistance against emancipation: reproductive freedoms. As a direct consequence of the emancipatory trend, people’s willingness to sacrifice their own and other people’s lives in war has dramatically declined. Hence, the emancipatory trend is a pacifist force that makes it increasingly difficult for government — especially in democracies — to find public support for waging wars.","PeriodicalId":397807,"journal":{"name":"Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132156354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identity and the Hybridity of Modern Finance: How a Specifically Modern Concept of the Self Underlies the Modern Ownership of Property, Trusts and Finance","authors":"Jongchul Kim","doi":"10.1093/CJE/BET050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/CJE/BET050","url":null,"abstract":"Postmodern thinker A. N. Whitehead argued that the idea of the identity of the self is one of the significant mistakes made by modern philosophy. From this postmodern perspective, this article examines how this mistaken concept underlies the modern ownership schemes of property, trusts and finance. It argues that exploiting the hybridity of money and credit explains the development of modern ownership from property to trusts and modern finance, and that, in the process of exploiting this hybridity, property owners struggle to endure and secure their identities permanently. This article also analyses unethical aspects of the hybridity of modern finance, as well as its systemic vulnerability, which contributed to the financial crisis of 2008. The essay concludes with a brief discussion of a general reform principle for the financial sector.","PeriodicalId":397807,"journal":{"name":"Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131218054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pensamento Norte-Americano e Processo de Incorporação da Temática Ambiental nas Ciências Sociais (American Thought and the Incorporation of Environmental Issues in the Social Sciences)","authors":"Carlos Potiara Castro, L. Ferreira","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2362642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2362642","url":null,"abstract":"Portuguese Abstract: Este paper tem por objetivo discutir as bases sobre as quais se sustentaram os primeiros autores que trabalharam com a tematica ambiental nas ciencias sociais. Levanta-se a hipotese que essas bases se identificam fortemente com a tradicao do pensamento norte-americano, nas areas das ciencias sociais e da filosofia. Descreve-se o desenvolvimento dos estudos das interacoes entre meio ambiente e mundo natural, com foco principal no conjunto de temas abordados. Conclui-se com uma breve descricao do campo no Brasil.English Abstract: This paper aims to discuss the foundation upon which the first authors who worked with environmental issues in the social sciences based themselves. It raises the hypothesis that these bases strongly identify with the tradition of American thinking on both areas of social sciences and philosophy. It describes briefly the development of the field of environment and society studies, with a primary focus on subjects covered in United States and in Brazil.","PeriodicalId":397807,"journal":{"name":"Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123392049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Political Economic Analysis of Fables of the Bees and Chi-Mi","authors":"Jimmy Teng","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2270314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2270314","url":null,"abstract":"The Fable of the Bees of Bernard Mandeville and Chi-mi of The Book of Guan Zi have much similarity in their economic reasoning. Both argue that extravagance in consumption spending will stimulate economic activity. The social political objectives of the two works are however very different. While The Fable of the Bees strives against religious and moral restraints on consumption, Chi-mi advocates extravagance as a political strategy to strengthen the control of the sovereign over powerful lords and officers and rich merchants. The amoral reasoning of The Fable of the Bees inspired classical economics. On the other hand, the economic analysis of Chi-mi had no significant impact on Chinese thinking given the tradition of suppression of commerce in pre-modern China.","PeriodicalId":397807,"journal":{"name":"Political Theory: History of Political Thought eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133648521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}