International Journal of Comparative Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Neurofunctionalism Revisited: Learning is More Than You Think It Is","authors":"J. Grau, R. Joynes","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2005.18.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2005.18.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of learning in simple systems (invertebrates and spinal cord) have revealed that organisms can encode stimulus-stimulus (Pavlovian) and response-outcome (instrumental) relations in multiple ways. It is suggested that nonassociative mechanisms contribute to learning and that there is value in adopting an approach that details the neural-functional mechanisms involved.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70617917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions Between Ethanol Experiences During LateGestation and Nursing: Effects upon Infantile and Maternal Responsiveness to Ethanol","authors":"M. Pueta, P. Abate, N. Spear, J. C. Molina","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2005.18.03.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2005.18.03.04","url":null,"abstract":"Responsiveness to ethanol is markedly affected by fetal or infantile experiences with the drug. Yet, there is minimal information available relative to the interaction of these experiences. This study focused on such interaction and on the impact of ethanol intoxication on maternal care. Water or subnarcoleptic doses of ethanol were administered to pregnant rats during late gestation (2.0 g/kg) and/or while nursing (2.5 g/kg). Infantile intake of a low concentrated ethanol solution (0.22% v/v) was assessed during postpartum days (PPDs) 15 and 16. Following the first intake test, infantile intake was explicitly paired with water or varying ethanol doses (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg) to assess possible associative learning comprising ethanol’s sensory and unconditioned properties. The interaction between ethanol pre- and postnatal treatment resulted in heightened ethanol reactivity as assessed through intake scores, particularly during PPD 16. Maternal treatments failed to affect associative learning mediated by ethanol. Ethanol was also found to disrupt both maternal retrieval and crouching latencies. This effect was markedly reduced when females had experienced ethanol during gestation, a phenomenon indicative of tolerance. Sequential experience with ethanol during gestation and nursing facilitates subsequent responsiveness to minimal ethanol concentrations, without affecting the sensitivity to the unconditioned effects of the drug as evaluated through associative learning procedures.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70618140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction of Extinguished Cocaine-Conditioned Stimuli and Footshock on Reinstatement in Rats","authors":"K. Shelton, P. Beardsley","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2005.18.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2005.18.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"The reinstatement paradigm has been proposed as an animal model of human drug relapse. In most reinstatement studies, conditioned stimuli accompany drug infusions during self-administration, re- sponding in extinction, as well as responding during reinstatement tests. The importance of these extinguished drug-paired stimuli during stress-induced reinstatement has not been examined. In this study, rats were trained to self-administer 0.5 mg/kg/infusion cocaine during daily, 2-h sessions until behavior stabilized. Each cocaine infusion was accompanied by a 6-s flashing light + tone condi- tioned stimulus (CS). In two groups of rats, responding during subsequent extinction and reinstate- ment had no scheduled consequences (CS Omitted). In two other groups of rats, responding produced the light + tone but no cocaine injections (CS Present). Footshock did not significantly reinstate co- caine seeking behavior in CS Omitted rats. Footshock significantly reinstated cocaine-seeking behav- ior over multiple test sessions in both CS Present groups, regardless of whether footshock reinstate- ment was examined on consecutive days or with trials spaced two days apart. These data show that environmental stimuli and stressors which are ineffective by themselves to occasion reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior can do so if concurrently present. Relapse is a major impediment to successful substance abuse treatment (O'Brien 1997). The vast majority of drug abusers relapse on multiple occasions (Haynes, 1998; Hunt, Barnett, & Branch, 1971) and relapse may be particularly problematic in cocaine abusers (Washton & Stone-Washton, 1990). At least three major classes of relapse-promoting events have been hypothesized, although other factors may clearly be involved. These classes include brief exposure to the previ- ously abused drug or a related drug, exposure to environmental or other stimuli that had been paired with drug self-administration, and exposure to stressors (Jaffe, Cascella, Kumor, & Sherer, 1989; Kreek & Koob, 1998; Robbins, Ehrman, Chil- dress, & O'Brien, 1997). Understanding how these events trigger relapse may be extremely important for designing successful behavioral and pharmacological re- lapse prevention strategies. The drug reinstatement paradigm in experimental animals has been used extensively over the past decade and is thought to model some aspects of human drug relapse (Koob, 2000; Meil & See, 1996; Shaham, Shalev, Lu, De Wit, & Stewart, 2002). In the reinstatement procedure, animals are trained to self- administer a drug until some stability criteria are reached. Subsequently, over a period of hours to sometimes many days responding is extinguished by discontinu- ing drug reinforcement. Noncontingent drug administration, exposure to previously drug-paired environmental stimuli and experimental stressors all can produce re-","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70618435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol Ataxia Tolerance: Extinction Cues, Spontaneous Recovery, and Relapse","authors":"D. C. Brooks","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2005.18.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2005.18.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews ethanol ataxic tolerance experiments with rats that investigate spontaneous recovery after extinction and how extinction-related cues reduce this recovery. Tolerance to the effects of many drugs including ethanol is partly the result of Pavlovian conditioning. Tolerance to the ataxic (and other) effects of ethanol depends critically upon the circumstances in which the drug is administered. Tolerance shows other characteristics common in Pavlovian conditioning, e.g.,. it can be extinguished and is subject to spontaneous recovery. The analogy of spontaneous recovery to instances of relapse in humans potentially makes such spontaneous recovery relevant to both researchers and clinicians. Recently, extinction cues have been found to reduce spontaneous recovery and other relapse- like effects in the animal conditioning laboratory. These cues may work in part by activating an association formed during the extinction process, and thus they may serve as memory retrieval cues. Research assessing spontaneous recovery using an ethanol ataxia method, as well as other Pavlovian conditioning methods, has contributed to an understanding of the properties and utility of extinction cues. These topics are addressed and the potential implications of this research for treating substance abusers is considered.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70618458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latent Inhibition of US Signal Value Following CS-US Training","authors":"M. Goddard","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2004.17.02.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2004.17.02.09","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments with rats examined latent inhibition of unconditioned stimulus (US) signal value. In Experiment 1, latent inhibition (LI) rats showed attenuated conditioning, compared to control (C) rats, when a single food pellet, delivered 10 min into a session, was followed by three additional pellets. In preexposure, one pellet had been delivered 10 min into the session (in Group LI), or placed into the magazine at the beginning of the session (in Group C). Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 and also showed that latent inhibition of US signal value resulted after conditioned stimulus (CS) - US training. Results from Experiment 2 suggest that, in Pavlovian conditioning, subjects learn a CS-US association and also learn that a US signals a subsequent US-free period. Implications for theories of latent inhibition are considered.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70617837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlates and Possible Mechanisms of Neocortical Enlargement and Diversification in Mammals","authors":"Kenneth C. Cantania","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2004.17.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2004.17.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70617992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing Odor Hedonic Perception Through Emotional Associations in Humans","authors":"R. Herz, S. Beland, M. Hellerstein","doi":"10.46867/ijcp.2004.17.04.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2004.17.04.05","url":null,"abstract":"A long-standing debate in olfactory perception is whether hedonic responses to odors are learned or innate. To test the hypothesis that olfactory hedonic responses are acquired through associative learning with emotion, two experiments were conducted that varied with regard to whether a novel (“target” odor) was pre-experimentally pleasant or unpleasant and the emotional association was positive or negative. Participants were randomly assigned to an Experimental Group (odor + emotional association) and various Control Groups. Evaluations of the target odor and several common odors that were not explicitly part of the association procedures (anchor odors) were made: prior to the manipulations, postmanipulation, 24 h after the manipulation, and 1 week from the start date. In both experiments, evaluation of the target odor by all participants was comparable at premanipulation and responses to the anchor odors were unaffected by time or experimental condition. However in each experiment, post-emotional manipulation ratings to the target odor were significantly altered in the Experimental Groups and showed that odor perception had changed in accord with the emotional valence of the associated experience. These findings support the hypothesis that olfactory hedonic responses are learned through emotional associations and raise new methodological and theoretical questions for future research.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70617859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a Comprehensive Social Psychology with Shared Explanations of Primate Social Behavior","authors":"E. Vanman","doi":"10.46867/c4fw28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/c4fw28","url":null,"abstract":"Two primate social psychologies have developed in recent decades-one that focuses on the social behaviors of humans and the other on nonhuman primates. Despite the gains in knowledge in each field of social psychology, the two research traditions seem to be largely unaware of the other's existence. Our common evolutionary ancestry makes this ignorance about the \"other\" social psychology especially troublesome for both fields. This article explores possible points of mutual interest that might lead to shared explanations of social behavior. In particular, I discuss how the topics of sexual behavior, cooperation and conflict resolution, and culture could benefit both social psychologies with respect to theory and methodology. One control group of neonatal monkeys was raised on a single wire mother, and a second control group was raised on a single cloth mother. There were no differences between these two groups in amount of milk ingested or in weight gain. The only difference between the two groups lay in the composition of the feces, the softer stools of the wire-mother infants suggesting psychosomatic involvement. The wire mother is biologically adequate but psychologically inept...A charming lady once heard me describe these experiments and, when I subsequently talked to her, her face brightened with sudden insight: \"Now I know what's wrong with me,\" she said, \"I'm just a wire mother.\" Perhaps she was lucky. She might have been a wire wife.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70612241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Captivity on Response to a Novel Environment in the Oldfield Mouse (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus)","authors":"M. Mcphee","doi":"10.46867/c45c7h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/c45c7h","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term maintenance of captive populations and release of these animals into the wild is one approach to endangered species conservation. In this study, I used a traditional ethological technique, the open-field test, to assess captivity's effects on exploratory behavior, level of activity, and enclosure use in oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus) upon introduction to a novel environment. The animals tested were from four populations collected from Ocala National Forest, Florida, and were held in captivity for varying numbers of generations: 35, 14, 2, and 0 (wild caught). The population 35 generations removed from the wild was behaviorally distinct from the other three populations. The mechanisms behind the differences are unclear. This study, however, is an example of how traditional behavioral methods can be applied to conservation problems. Whether captive populations are raised for lab studies or for captive breeding of endangered species, this study suggests that if they have been removed from the wild for more than 14 generations, they are likely to be significantly different from the wild counterparts of interest.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70605786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Behavioral Knowledge to Conservation in the Giant Panda","authors":"R. Swaisgood, X. Zhou, Gwiquan Zhang, D. Lindburg, He-min Zhang","doi":"10.46867/c49g6d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46867/c49g6d","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past several years we have developed a research program to increase knowledge of giant panda behavioral biology to facilitate efforts to reproduce giant pandas in captivity, particularly at the Wolong Breeding Center in Sichuan, China. Studies of estrus and reproductive behavior have enabled us to better pinpoint the timing of the fertile period and evaluate problems when a pair's behavior diverges from the norm. Experiments with chemosignals demonstrate that pandas possess a sophisticated chemical communication system, extracting information about the signaler’s sex, reproductive status, age, social status, and individual identity, as well as the age of the chemosignal. The effects of scent on sexual motivation have important applications for captive breeding. Given the proper behavioral environment, most pandas now mate naturally at Wolong. Following observations documenting several behavioral problems, we developed an environmental enrichment program to reduce abnormal behaviors, encourage behavioral diversity, and promote well being. Females are monitored closely for signs of pregnancy and we are evaluating behavioral and morphological indices to distinguish pregnancy from pseudopregnancy. Identification of pregnant females is important because they are managed differently than nonpregnant females. In cases of maternal abandonment of cubs, we have developed a method to train the mother to accept her cubs. The result of such behavioral research, coupled with efforts by other disciplines and basic husbandry changes, is a dramatic increase in the number of natural matings, pregnancies, births and cub survivorship.","PeriodicalId":39712,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70610739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}