Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Simon Kuznets and Russia: An Uneasy Relation","authors":"Moshe Syrquin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3868355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3868355","url":null,"abstract":"Simon Kuznets was born and educated in Russia and the Soviet Ukraine. He completed his economic education and adopted his research methodology in the United States where Wesley Mitchell was a major influence during his early career. Though scarred by the trauma of displacement, eviction, and discrimination before emigration, he regarded the early Soviet regime with an unbiased and mildly sympathetic scholar’s eye. This changed drastically by 1930, apparently as a result of the Stalinist dictatorial regime and the hounding of kindred spirit economists. He fell silent on all things Russian for three decades. The debates on Soviet industrialization in the early 1920s influenced his major study on the economic growth of nations, and when the study was well underway he reengaged with Soviet economics with a devastating appraisal of its performance. Some of his work was influenced by his heritage, particularly his Jewish roots. Overall, his relation with Russia and the Soviet Union was truly an uneasy one.","PeriodicalId":397045,"journal":{"name":"Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127930225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Periodiska myntindragningar: En utvecklingsfas under svensk högmedeltid (Periodic Recoinage as a Development Phase in Medieval Sweden)","authors":"Roger Svensson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3792887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3792887","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Swedish abstract:</b> I uppsatsen analyseras periodiska myntindragningar, ett monetärt beskattningssystem, som tillämpades under nästan 200 år i det medeltida Europa. En teori presenteras som visar att Systemet förutsatte en begränsad penningmängd och utestängandet av främmande mynt från cirkulation. Indragningarna fungerade bäst i relativt outvecklade ekonomier med små valutaområden. Trots att det inte existerar några skriftliga källor om myntindragningar i Sverige, går det inte att förkasta hypotesen att systemet även tillämpats i Sverige 1180–1290. Skattfyndens sammansättning och myntens standardisering visar dessutom att mynt snarare räknades än vägdes i Sverige redan under sent 1100-tal och tidigt 1200-tal, dock ej under Vikingatiden.<br><br><b>English abstract:</b> This article analysis periodic re-coinage, a monetary taxation system, which was in use for almost two centuries in medieval Europe. A theory is presented that shows that the system only worked when there was a limited volume of coins in circulation combined with a geographical currency restraint. Renewals worked best in relatively undeveloped economies with small currency areas. Another characteristic is that silver fineness was high in areas with periodic recoinage.<br><br>Although there are no written sources about periodic recoinage in Sweden, it can be hypothesized that the system was in use in Sweden in the period 1180–1290. Empirical observations are consistent with the theory of periodic recoinage: there were many coin types in each time period, skewed coin hoards with respect to types, low monetization, high silver fineness, bracteates minting, and small currency areas.<br><br>The number of circulating coins and the degree of monetization increased as a result of urbanization at the end of the thirteenth century when currency areas became larger. This made periodic recoinage far more difficult to enforce and administrate. Bracteates were thus finally replaced by long-lived, two-faced coins in 1290. This process effectively ended the practice of periodic recoinage. Instead, Swedish kings began to accelerate the debasement of long-lived coins by reducing the silver content of coins to compensate for the disappearance of recoinage fees. A die-study shows that different coin types were struck in different mints and do not represent different chronological issues, a fact that further confirms that periodic recoinage ended around 1290.<br><br>Finally, the composition of hoards and the standardization of the coins show that coins were counted rather than weighed in Sweden already by the end of the 12th and early 13th centuries This contrasts with the practice of the Viking-age. The observation that coins were counted is very important, since count-based exchange-rates would otherwise not have been possible to maintain.<br>","PeriodicalId":397045,"journal":{"name":"Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126825180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Церковь Англии в конце XVIII – первой трети XIX в.: основные историографические тенденции и оценки. (The Church of England at the End of the XVIII – First Third of the XIX Century: Main Historiographical Trends and Assessments)","authors":"Elena Stetskevich, M. S. Stetskevich","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3739337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3739337","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian abstract:</b> Долгое время в историографии Церкви Англии последних десятилетий «долгого XVIII века» доминировала точка зрения, согласно которой она находилась в состоянии упадка, выражавшегося как в утрате контроля над значительной частью «среднего класса», так и в акцентировании внимания на апологии существующей социальной иерархии (Дж. Бест, Р. Соловей, А. Джилберт). Сложившееся под влиянием концепции Дж. Кларка о «конфессиональном государстве» ревизионистское направление (У. Гибсон, У. Джейкоб) сконцентрировало усилия на реабилитации Церкви Англии, решительно отвергнув тезис о её упадке. Приводимые ревизионистами данные позволяют пересмотреть возникшее ещё в Викторианский период представление о «спящей Церкви», но не дают ответа на вопрос, почему современники оценивали её состояние как критическое, а начало 1830-х гг. ознаменовалось беспрецедентной вспышкой антиклерикализма.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> For a long time, the historiography of the Church of England in the last decades of the \"long XVIII century\" was dominated by the view that it was in a state of decline, expressed both in the loss of control over a significant part of the \"middle class\" and in the emphasis on the apology of the existing social hierarchy (J. Best, R. Solovey, A. Gilbert). Developed under the influence of the concept of J. R. R. Tolkien. Clark on the \"confessional state\" revisionist trend (W. W. Clark). Gibson, W. Jacob) focused on the rehabilitation of the Church of England, strongly rejecting the thesis of its decline. The data cited by revisionists allow us to revise the idea of the \"sleeping Church\" that arose in the Victorian period, but do not answer the question of why contemporaries assessed its condition as critical, and the beginning of the 1830s was marked by an unprecedented outbreak of anti-clericalism.","PeriodicalId":397045,"journal":{"name":"Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal","volume":"47 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113957810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Положение приходских священно- и церковнослужителей в России в1917-1930 годах, Храпков Геннадий Николаевич, январь, 2018 год. (Standing of Parish Priest and Minor Orders in Russia in 1917 — the 1930th)","authors":"G. Khrapkov","doi":"10.22394/1726-1139-2018-1-114-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2018-1-114-119","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> Статья посвящена анализу и попытке охарактеризовать положение приходского (белого) духовенства на территории России в период с 1917 по 1930-е гг. XX века. Цель работы - на основе изученных документов, законодательных источников, диссертаций, источников периодической печати проследить изменение положения клира, причем не только в городах, но и в сельской местности, в один из самых сложных периодов истории существования Русской православной церкви. Для написания указанной статьи автором использовались следующие методы: системный (анализ положения клириков и развития отношений между духовенством и государством в указанный хронологический период), историко-генетический (стремление выявить закономерности изменения социального статуса священников и членов причта в соответствии с постоянно изменявшимися условиями жизни в стране). Итогом данной работы стало то, что положение приходского духовенства, начиная с 1917 и до 1941 гг., претерпевало кардинальные изменения не только в экономическом, но и в социальном и нравственном отношении. Основными факторами данных изменений (причем далеко не в лучшую сторону) были: уменьшение количества прихожан и мест для проведения службы, лишение государственной помощи в оказании материальной поддержки клирикам, ограничение в правах, постоянные волны антирелигиозных кампаний и репрессий. Тем не менее несмотря на ужесточение условий жизни, священнослужители продолжали исполнять свой долг и оставались верными своей Родине, что не могло не остаться незамеченным и в дальнейшем привело к изменению взаимоотношений между советской властью и представителями клира, но по прежнему с преобладанием антиклерикальных настроений в обществе вплоть до распада СССР. Результаты работы позволяют обратить внимание на одну из менее исследованных проблем в истории жизни и деятельности приходского духовенства с возможностью ее дальнейшего изучения с привлечением документов, касающихся положения клириков в эмиграции в странах Европы и Америки.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This article is devoted to analysis and tries to describe the situation of the parish (white) clergy in Russia in the period from 1917 to 1930-ies of XX century. The aim of the work is based on the study of documents, legal sources, theses, and sources of periodicals to trace the change of position of the clergy, not only in cities but also in rural areas, one of the most difficult periods in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church. For the writing of this article the author used the following methods: system (analysis of the situation of clergy and the development of relations between the clergy and the state in the specified chronological period), the historical-genetic (the desire to identify regularities of change of the social status of the priests and members of clergy in accordance with the constantly changing conditions of life in the country). The result of this work was that the position of the parish clergy, from 1917 until 1941, has und","PeriodicalId":397045,"journal":{"name":"Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126137230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Uncertainty and Divisive Politics: Evidence from the 'dos Españas'","authors":"Sandra García-Uribe, H. Mueller, Carlos Sanz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3765441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3765441","url":null,"abstract":"This article exploits two newspaper archives to track economic policy uncertainty in Spain in 1905-1945, a period of extreme political polarization. We find that the outbreak of the civil war in 1936 was anticipated by a striking upward level shift of uncertainty in both newspapers. We study the dynamics behind this shift and provide evidence of a strong empirical link between increasing uncertainty and the rise of divisive political issues at the time: socio-economic conflict, regional separatism, power of the military, and role of the church. This holds even when we exploit variation in content at the newspaper level.","PeriodicalId":397045,"journal":{"name":"Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133044098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finnish Municipalities 1880 to 1974: Creating Harmonized Statistical Units Over a Century","authors":"Jonas Mueller Gastell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3680817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3680817","url":null,"abstract":"A rich universe of municipality-level or municipality-aggregated data is available for Finland, going back more than 150 years. The unit of analysis -- the municipality -- however, has been unstable across this period, thus making consistent data analysis difficult and time-consuming. I propose a transparent data-harmonization procedure, and provide the underlying data, crosswalks, and automated scripts to perform harmonization for the 1880 to 1974 time period.","PeriodicalId":397045,"journal":{"name":"Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122225813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Villkor, uppgång och fall för tidsbegränsade mynt i medeltidens Europa (Conditions of the Rise and Fall of Periodic Recoinage in Medieval Europe)","authors":"Roger Svensson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3664753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3664753","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Swedish abstract:</b> En vanlig metod att beskatta handel och befolkning under medeltiden var genom periodiska myntindragningar. Denna beskattningsmetod tillämpades i stora delar av Europa under 150−200 år. Gamla mynttyper förklarades ogiltiga och skulle växlas in mot en ny typ till en i förväg annonserad växlingsavgift och vid ett bestämt datum. Indragningarna var systematiska och återkommande, d.v.s. periodiska. En vanlig växlingsavgift var fyra gamla mynt mot tre nya och indragningarna kunde ske så ofta som en till två gånger per år. Syftet med denna artikel är att presentera spridningen av periodiska myntindragningar över tid och rum, analysera de villkor som måste vara uppfyllda för att systemet ska fungera, diskutera hur det tillämpades praktiskt samt förklara varför systemet bröt samman.<br><br><b>English abstract:</b> A common method of taxing trade and population during the Middle Ages was through periodic recoinage. This method of taxation was applied in large parts of Europe during 150−200 years. Old coin types were declared invalid and were to be exchanged for a new type at a priori known exchange fees and dates. The recoinages were systematic and recurring, i.e. periodic. A common exchange fee was four old coins for three new and reminting could take place as often as once or twice a year. The purpose of this article is to present the spread of periodic recoinage over time and space, analyze the conditions that must be fulfilled for the system to work, discuss how it was applied in practice and explain why the system broke down.","PeriodicalId":397045,"journal":{"name":"Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129893019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Местные Агенты Государства в России в Раннее Новое Время (Local Agents of the State in Russia in the Early New Age)","authors":"Igor Fedyukin, Elena Korchmina","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2444199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2444199","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: Настоящий препринт составляют разделы по трем проблемам:А) Подушная подать в России как показатель эффективности государства.Б) Описание данных и оценка общего уровня недоимочности в послепетровский периодВ) Факторы, влияющие на собираемость подушной подати в послепетровский период English Abstract: This preprint is divided on three issues: A) A poll tax in Russia as an indicator of the effectiveness of the stateB) Description of data and assessing the overall level of \"nedoimochnost\" in the post-Petrine period B) Factors affecting the collection of the poll tax in the post-Petrine period","PeriodicalId":397045,"journal":{"name":"Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123098031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between Constraints and Coercion: Marriage and Social Reproduction in Northern and Central Italy, 18th-19th Centuries","authors":"R. Derosas, M. Breschi, A. Fornasin, M. Manfredini, C. Munno","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2021022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2021022","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we review the main theories of household and marriage systems, highlighting their inability to account for the astonishing variety of family and marriage patterns that characterized modern Italy. We propose a new interpretative framework, where social reproduction is given pride of place as the main factor shaping marital behavior and household formation in the past. We test our theory analyzing five populations in northern and central Italy, characterized by different ecological, economic, and social conditions. We use an event history analysis approach to model the timing of marriage in the populations under study. The results confirm that coercion mattered much more than Malthusian economic constraints. We conclude suggesting a more general application of our approach to the study of marital behavior, family formation, and residential patterns in the past.","PeriodicalId":397045,"journal":{"name":"Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126612372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Trial of Galileo","authors":"D. Linder","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1021251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1021251","url":null,"abstract":"Galileo Galilei was born in 1564 - the same year that Shakespeare was born and Michelangelo died. From an early age, Galileo showed his scientific skills. At age nineteen, he discovered the isochronism of the pendulum. By age twenty-two, he had invented the hydrostatic balance. By age twenty-five, Galileo assumed his first lectureship, at the University of Pisa. Within a few more years, Galileo earned a reputation throughout Europe as a scientist and superb lecturer. Eventually, he would be recognized as the father of experimental physics. Galileo's motto might have been follow knowledge wherever it leads us. In the 1633 trial of Galileo Galilei, two worlds come into cosmic conflict. Galileo's world of science and humanism collides with the world of Scholasticism and absolutism that held power in the Catholic Church. The result is a tragedy that marks both the end of Galileo's liberty and the end of the Italian Renaissance.","PeriodicalId":397045,"journal":{"name":"Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117206374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}