S. Magrini, Marco Di Cataldo, Margherita Gerolimetto
{"title":"Urban Growth and Convergence Dynamics after COVID-19","authors":"S. Magrini, Marco Di Cataldo, Margherita Gerolimetto","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3764497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3764497","url":null,"abstract":"Internet and near-instant communication services have had a strong impact on the way people communicate and exchange information since the end of the 1990s. The COVID-19 pandemic shock is likely to provide a dramatic boost to this phenomenon. In the world that will emerge from lockdown, digital communication and videoconferencing will be integral part of daily working and social life to a much higher extent than before. This will have a disproportionally strong impact on knowledge based activities, and therefore on research. This paper presents a theoretical model of endogenous economic growth with the aim of providing hints on the possible consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic shock on income per capita growth and disparities within a system of integrated urban areas. In the model, abstract technological knowledge flows at no cost across space. In contrast, flows of tacit knowledge arise from the interaction between researchers and hence tends to be hampered by distance. Within this framework, the diffusion of broadband technology, high-speed connections and videoconferencing takes the form of a reduction of the “cost of distance” for flows of tacit knowledge. This reinforces productive specialization that, in turn, yields an increase in the system-wide, common growth rate and an increase in income per capita disparities across areas. On the other hand, social distancing is likely to yield an asymmetric negative impact on the productivity of urban research systems thus leading to a decrease in the growth rate.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124247100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"With Booze, You Lose: The Mortality Effects of Early Retirement","authors":"P. Chuard","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3721505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3721505","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the effect of early retirement on male mortality. I exploit two reforms in Switzerland, which allowed men as of a certain cohort to retire one and two years before the statutory retirement age. This generates two sharp eligibility cutoff dates, which I use in a regression discontinuity design. I draw from two full sample administrative data sets: the mortality and the old age insurance register. Retiring two years before the statutory retirement age increases the absolute risk of death before the age 83 by 41 percentage points. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the effect is driven by lifestyle diseases such as alcohol dependence and respiratory diseases related to smoking. The effect is largest for unmarried men and for men living in the German-speaking part of Switzerland — who show a higher social norm toward work than men living in the Latin part. Also, there is no effect heterogeneity regarding income, which suggests that the negative health effect is not caused by a loss in income due to retirement. The results support the lifestyle hypothesis suggesting that retirement increases mortality due to a loss of structure and a concomitant unhealthy lifestyle.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125312736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Great Pandemic of the 21st Century: The Stolen Lives","authors":"John Taskinsoy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3689993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3689993","url":null,"abstract":"One microscopic coronavirus has done what US sanctions, tariffs, embargoes, trade war, and the use of dollar as a weapon of economic destruction have failed to accomplish. The COVID-19 pandemic shock has caused unconceivable damage; 200,000 stolen lives in the U.S. (and close to 1 million in the world) and trillions of dollars globally. The farfetched impacts of coronavirus pandemic, the costliest in history (i.e. Great Lockdown), put many economies including the world’s biggest economy on a ventilator. Important signs provided by the coronavirus health crisis must not be ignored as previous signs were in the past. Tens of thousands of lives could have been saved if the White House (US President Donald Trump in particular) did not choose to downplay significant impacts of COVID-19; moreover, despite clear warnings by senior officials in late January 2020, not only Mr. Trump delayed taking aggressive actions to curb the spread of the virus to the United States (i.e. closing schools, locking down cities/states, imposing a travel ban, enforcing face masks, and social distancing), but he focused instead on protecting his re-election campaign; he also took the easy way out and blamed Beijing for misleading governments and not sharing the genome sequence of the coronavirus.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133374210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"COVID-19: Health and Economic Impacts of Societal Intervention Policies in the U.S.","authors":"Alireza Boloori, S. Saghafian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3681610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3681610","url":null,"abstract":"Intervention policies, like stay-at-home orders, are shown to be effective in controlling the spread of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, concerns over economic burdens of these policies have propelled U.S. states to move towards reopening. Decision-making in most states has been challenging, especially because of a dearth of quantitative evidence on health gains versus economic burdens of different intervention policies. To assist decision-makers, we make use of detailed data from 51 U.S. states on various factors, including number of tests, positive and negative results, hospitalizations, ICU beds and ventilators used, residents' mobility, and deaths, and provide an analytical framework to measure per capita total costs versus quality-adjusted life years (QALY) under various intervention policies. Our results show that, compared to a hypothetical no intervention during March-June 2020, the policies undertaken across the U.S. on average saved each person up to 4.04 days worth of QALY while incurring $3,284.67 for him/her. Had the states undertaken more strict policies during the same time frame than those they adopted, the increase in the average QALY and cost per person would be up to 6 days and $4,953.81, respectively. We also find that stricter policies are not cost-effective at the typical willingness-to-pay rates. Imposing such strict policies, however, may be inevitable in the near future, especially if the risk of a second wave of COVID-19 increases. Finally, in addition to quantifying the health and economic impacts of intervention policies, our results allow federal and state authorities to avoid following a “one-size-fits-all\" strategy, and instead enact policies that are better suited for each state.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114332752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Expanding Paid Maternity Leave on Maternal Health: Evidence From the United States Air Force & Army","authors":"Cary Balser, A. Bukowinski, C. Hall","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3601018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3601018","url":null,"abstract":"We assess the impact of fully paid maternity leave on maternal health in the year after birth. We exploit a sudden expansion of paid leave from 6 to 12 weeks in the United States Army and Air Force to estimate impacts under regression discontinuity and difference in differences frameworks. Administrative records covering medical diagnoses, procedures, and utilization by mothers allow for comprehensive measurement of changes in both direct health outcomes and utilization. Our main finding is that expanding maternity leave significantly decreased the likelihood of postpartum depression diagnosis. We additionally provide evidence that expanding leave reduced mothers' pain and health care utilization, however, these results are somewhat sensitive to specification choice. Across all outcomes, improvements in maternal health are concentrated in the period of additional leave, making it unlikely that improved health capital is the primary mechanism through which family leave improves maternal health.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130981172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact of Stay-at-Home Orders on US Output: A Network Perspective","authors":"Shaowen Luo, K. Tsang, Zichao Yang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3571866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3571866","url":null,"abstract":"Under the stay-at-home orders issued by states, economic activities are reduced or put on hold by some states across the U.S. to control the spread of COVID-19. By combining several sources of data, we estimate the output loss due to such restrictions using a network approach. Based on our most conservative estimates, the measures as of April 15, 2020 reduce 26% of total US output per period, and about 43% of which is due to the input-output connections in the production network. Using a SIR model with an inter-state infection network, we also calculate the cost of reducing each infection to be approximately $150,000 during the period of March 19 to April 15, 2020. Simulation results of various hypothetical stay-at-home orders show that the unit cost of infection reduction of the existing order is about 13% higher than the local minimum.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122557613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research Funding and Price Negotiation for New Drugs","authors":"F. Barigozzi, I. Jelovac","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3319750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3319750","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the negotiation process, which leads to basic research funding and price setting for new drugs in regulated health insurance markets. Its results bring answers to the following questions: Should basic research be privately funded, publicly funded, or produced by an independent lab? Under which conditions is public integration of basic research efficient? How do pharmaceutical prices respond to different organizations of basic research? We show that efficiency and prices are higher when basic research is integrated in the firm that commercializes the drug as compared with independent basic research. In both organizations, the higher the negotiation power of the research labs relative to the one of the public health authority is, the higher the prices and the efficiency are. We thereby confirm the traditional trade-off between price containment and dynamic efficiency. We identify one important exception to this trade-off. Indeed, public integration of basic research can result in lowest prices and highest efficiency, as compared with the other possible organizations, in particular when basic and applied research are highly complementary.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"6 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116116379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tobacco Taxation Incidence: Evidence from the Russian Federation","authors":"A. Fuchs, M. Matytsin, O. Obukhova","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8626","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the well-known positive effect tobacco taxes on health outcomes, policy makers avoid relying on such taxes because of their possible regressive impact. Using an extended cost-benefit analysis to estimate the distributional effect of cigarettes in the Russian Federation, this paper finds that the long-run impact may in face be progressive. The methodology applied incorporates the negative price effect cause by an increase in tobacco taxes, combines with a presumed future reduction in medical expenditures and a rise in working years caused by a reduction in the rate of smoking among the population. The analysis includes estimates of the distributional impacts of price rises on cigarettes under various scenarios, based on information taken from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey--Higher School of Economics for 2010-16. One contribution is the qualification of impacts by allowing price elasticities to vary across consumption deciles. Overall, cigarette taxes exert long-term effect on household incomes, although the magnitude depends on the structure of the conditional price elasticity. If the population is more responsive to tobacco price changes, then it would experience greater gains from the health and extended work-life benefits.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"262 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122629582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Illicit Drugs and the Decline of the Middle Class","authors":"V. Grossmann, H. Strulik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3236175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3236175","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical evidence for the U.S. suggests that the consumption of intoxicants increases in association with the socio-economic deprivation of the middle-class. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we set up a task-based labor market model with endogenous mental health status and a health care system. The decline of tasks that were historically performed by the middle class and the associated decline in relative wages and socio-economic status increases the share of mentally ill middle class workers. Mentally ill workers can mitigate their hardships by the intake of illicit drugs or by consuming health goods. We argue that explaining the drug epidemic of the U.S. middle class requires an interaction of socio-economic decline and falling opioid prices. One factor in isolation is typically insufficient. Our analysis also points to a central role of the health care system. In our model, extending mental health care could motivate the mentally ill to abstain from illicit drug consumption.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116483264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impacts of Reduced Access to Abortion and Family Planning Services on Abortion, Births and Contraceptive Purchases","authors":"S. Fischer, Heather Royer, Corey White","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3010397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3010397","url":null,"abstract":"Between 2011 and 2014, Texas enacted three pieces of legislation that significantly reduced funding for family planning services and increased restrictions on abortion clinic operations. Together this legislation creates cross-county variation over time in access to abortion and family planning services, which we leverage to understand the impact of family planning and abortion clinic access on abortions, births, and contraceptive purchases. In response to these policies, abortions to Texas residents fell 16.7% and births rose 1.3% in counties that no longer had an abortion provider within 50 miles. Changes in the family planning market induced a 1.2% increase in births for counties that no longer had a publicly funded family planning clinic within 25 miles. Meanwhile, responses of retail purchases of condoms and emergency contraceptives to both abortion and family planning service changes were minimal.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114184751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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