{"title":"International Humanitarian Law and Its Application in Outer Space","authors":"C. Steer, Dale Stephens","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"International humanitarian law (IHL) is applicable in outer space as a matter of international law, yet there are some challenges when it comes to specific principles and rules. The kinds of weapons that have been and might be used in space are discussed, as well as the ways in which space assets are used with respect to conflicts on Earth. An analysis then follows of the core principles of IHL and how they apply in space: the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution in attack. While it is imperative that States recognize the applicability of IHL to all their activities in space that involve conflicts on Earth and/or in space, care must be taken in weighing the traditional principles and their application to this new domain. As the technology that increases warfighting capability advances, so does the imperative to understand the applicable legal framework for the use of such technology.","PeriodicalId":396578,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Outer Space","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128304692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"U.S. Space Dominance","authors":"J. Johnson‐Freese, Kenneth Smith","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197548684.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548684.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the ethical implications of the United States trying to achieve “space dominance” as part of an increasingly muscular U.S. “space warfare is inevitable” outlook. The methodology used in the analysis is drawn from Santa Clara University’s Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, using utilitarian, rights, fairness, common good, virtue, and technology considerations as ethical decision-making lenses. Additionally, the chapter examines space dominance as a function of time and contractarianism. It concludes that the U.S. pursuit of space dominance appears to stem mostly from fear and self-interest, and that a better approach would be to shift more closely to honor and self-interest by pursuing more balance between military readiness and assiduous diplomacy. There is, however, no evidence that the latter approach is being considered.","PeriodicalId":396578,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Outer Space","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125925789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Should the Space Force Do? Insights from Spacepower Analogies, Doctrine, and Culture","authors":"P. Hays","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses opportunities and challenges facing the U.S. Space Force, a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces within the Department of the Air Force that was created in December 2019. Major initial priorities for the Space Force include developing space doctrine and incubating a space-minded culture; blunting counterspace threats; improving space acquisition; and accelerating creation of wealth in and from space. To assess the evolution of spacepower doctrine, the chapter uses Dennis Drew’s doctrine tree model and David Lupton’s four schools of thought about the strategic utility of space capabilities: sanctuary, survivability, control, and high ground. The chapter also addresses several cautions and concerns including the relatively small size of the Space Force; significant dissimilarities between creation of the U.S. Air Force in 1947 and the Space Force in 2019; unintended consequences in impeding airpower development from the United Kingdom’s creation of a relatively small and weak Royal Air Force in 1918; and potential concerns stemming from the highly politicized environment that birthed the Space Force. The chapter concludes by reminding readers that new organizations do not guarantee success and by urging application of the right lessons from past missteps.","PeriodicalId":396578,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Outer Space","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130175476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prominent Security Risks Stemming from Space Hybrid Operations","authors":"Jana Robinson","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"To date, discussions concerning hybrid threats have been almost exclusively focused on the terrestrial and maritime domains, and space has been largely excluded from such international exchanges. This is despite the fact that, for the most part, the same actors, mindsets, and techniques are presently in play in the space domain as well. Moreover, hybrid operations conducted by adversaries in any of these domains have the potential to negate critical space systems. This chapter seeks to provide a better understanding of this complex new issue area for space and help identify and implement a more informed security policy framework. It suggests that strengthened resilience and deterrence, including through cross-domain response options, is required to protect against these space hybrid operations and the critical benefits and capabilities they target.","PeriodicalId":396578,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Outer Space","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132565863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diplomacy","authors":"Paul Meyer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"A disturbing trend in the contemporary approaches of States to space security has been the decline in diplomacy and the consideration of diplomatic options to achieve national security goals. The official characterization of outer space as “congested, contested and competitive” has ignored the legacy and potential for “cooperation” in this unique if vulnerable realm. The authority of the foundational Outer Space Treaty of 1967, with its stipulation that space is to be used for “peaceful purposes,” is being eroded by neglect and unilateral assertions that space is a domain for “warfighting.” The champions of space peace will have to become as active as the exponents of space war if a benign environment for space operations is to be preserved for future generations.","PeriodicalId":396578,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Outer Space","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114592634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Rule of Law in Outer Space","authors":"Icho Kealotswe-Matlou","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Different approaches must be adopted in the governance of outer space if the rule of law is to be enforced. As international institutions and committees engage on a variety of international space matters, efforts must be made to forge an international cooperative structure or authority that aims to foster collaboration in the effort to develop the rule of law in space. Effectively, the call to govern outer space and enforce the rule of law through concerted efforts of an Outer Space Authority has been echoing through the years. It may be that the existing political climate and the urgent need for a coherent global strategy for exploration of space and to prevent outer space militarization all mean that we are at an opportune moment to once again put forward proposals for the establishment of an independent Outer Space Authority, fully clothed with powers to make binding decisions.","PeriodicalId":396578,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Outer Space","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128433199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ConclusionCooperation, Collaboration, and Communication in Space","authors":"C. Steer, Matthew H. Hersch","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The creation of the U.S. Space Force at the end of 2019, France’s steps toward creating a similar dedicated military body, and NATO’s formal recognition of space as a military operational zone integral to international security were all markers of the beginning of a new era as of the second decade of this century. Although space-based technologies have been utilized by world militaries since the beginning of the space age in the 1960s, the militarization of space has not been on the public radar to the extent it now is, and the likelihood of space-based conflict has never been greater. At the same time, popular awareness of civil and commercial uses of space has also increased. In short, we are in a New Space Age, one that is equal parts commercial and political, and one which—arguably even more so than the first Space Age—has national and international security interests at its center. The need for ethically sound policy and law at this time is irrefutable, and it is in answer to this need that our contributing authors have tackled various challenging issues, applying their exceptional expertise. In addition to agreement as to current and future threats to national and global security stemming from the use—and misuse—of the space environment, there are many suggested measures for ameliorating the risk of conflict in space. A central theme in all of the chapters is that the best way to avoid capricious use of the space environment in wartime is to create a set of norms in peacetime, recognizing that shared use, rather than dominance, is the preferred outcome for all spacefaring nations.","PeriodicalId":396578,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Outer Space","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131562317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Outer Space and Crisis Risk","authors":"L. Grego","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Space activities pose a particular risk of sparking or exacerbating terrestrial crises in ways that may be difficult to predict or manage. This is due both to the physical nature of operating in space and to space’s particular history. However, many initiatives to bolster space security do so within the framework of preventing an arms race or of preserving the space environment and so they miss some of the solutions. This chapter explores looking at space security through the lens of mitigating the risks that space activities may pose to crisis stability to identify which space activities and strategies are particularly dangerous and to prioritize unilateral and collective approaches to mitigating these problems.","PeriodicalId":396578,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Outer Space","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116366444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Norm Setting and Transparency and Confidence-Building in Space Governance","authors":"Theresa A. Hitchens","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Governance of the use of space, both at the national and the international level, is complicated. Because most countries in the world have been reticent over the last thirty years to negotiate new legally binding commitments in space, ongoing multilateral work on space governance has concentrated primarily on voluntary measures. This chapter reviews and compares the two most salient of these initiatives: the normative recommendations of the UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) and the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities agreed by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Working Group. While the GGE was “top-down” focused on transparency and confidence-building to avoid conflict among States, the LTS Working Group was a “bottom-up” approach for safe and sustainable practices with regard to the use of space. The conclusion looks at how States can best implement the recommendations.","PeriodicalId":396578,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Outer Space","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129950335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peaceful Purposes for the Benefit of All Mankind","authors":"P. Blount","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197548684.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that the Outer Space Treaty contains, in addition to its legal content, ethical content. The chapter then analyzes the text of the treaty to reveal this ethical content and connect it to the twin goals of the peaceful uses of outer space (found in international space law) and the maintenance of international peace and security (found in general international law). The analysis contends that, while the ethical content of the Outer Space Treaty does not create hard legal obligations, it does inform the nature of the legal content of the norms set out by the treaty. Finally, this chapter will also evaluate how the ethics deployed by the treaty have fared in the contemporary geopolitical context.","PeriodicalId":396578,"journal":{"name":"War and Peace in Outer Space","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127187734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
