MIT Science Policy Review最新文献

A vision for policy education in science 科学政策教育的愿景

MIT Science Policy Review Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.38105/spr.8cy9g9msd0

Bertrand Neyhouse

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An interview with Dr. Emma J. Rosi: On ecosystem effects of pharmaceutical contamination 采访艾玛·j·罗西博士:药物污染对生态系统的影响

MIT Science Policy Review Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.38105/spr.74q3nss5qz

Rashi Jeeda, Prachetas Jai Patel

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HIV vaccines: Lessons from basic research, clinical trials, and public policy 艾滋病毒疫苗:来自基础研究、临床试验和公共政策的教训

MIT Science Policy Review Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.38105/spr.0cg04tczoe

Andrew Saiz, Kelsey L. Farenhem

{"title":"HIV vaccines: Lessons from basic research, clinical trials, and public policy","authors":"Andrew Saiz, Kelsey L. Farenhem","doi":"10.38105/spr.0cg04tczoe","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38105/spr.0cg04tczoe","url":null,"abstract":"Forty years since its discovery in 1983, HIV/AIDS still lacks a cure, despite advances in biomedicine that have dramatically improved global understanding of the virus’s biology. Decades of research and improvements to clinical trial infrastructure have promoted the development of novel vaccines for HIV, but these vaccines have shown limited efficacy. The landmark clinical trial “RV144” in Thailand (2003) showed modest efficacy of an HIV vaccine for the first time ever, sparking the formation of public-private partnerships and a wave of other HIV vaccine clinical trials. Around two decades later, the COVID-19 pandemic provided an impetus to move vaccine technology forward and exposed areas for improvement in vaccine and clinical-trial infrastructure. Looking at historical examples from both HIV and COVID-19 research, vaccine trials, and global statistics, it is clear that a successful vaccination campaign will require generous funding, collaboration, clinical trial infrastructure, sharing of data and resources amongst researchers, and policy based on scientific evidence and ethics. Such a successful campaign will also require overcoming several hurdles, such as delivering vaccines to individuals in countries with underdeveloped health care systems and both demographic and geographic disparities in access to care. The perspectives in this article are apropos given the recent development of HIV vaccines that have entered clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":396187,"journal":{"name":"MIT Science Policy Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131098092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Algorithmic bias: Looking beyond data bias to ensure algorithmic accountability and equity 算法偏见:超越数据偏见，确保算法问责制和公平性

MIT Science Policy Review Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.38105/spr.5lwvw66ssy

S. Thais, Hannah N Shumway, A. Saragih

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Childhood exposure to science through museums 儿童通过博物馆接触科学

MIT Science Policy Review Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.38105/spr.r44opgow8w

Chloe Kirk, Sewar Banimusa

{"title":"Childhood exposure to science through museums","authors":"Chloe Kirk, Sewar Banimusa","doi":"10.38105/spr.r44opgow8w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38105/spr.r44opgow8w","url":null,"abstract":"Andrea Ingram is an experienced lawyer, public policy advocate, social service agency executive, and a cultural institution thought leader. She currently serves as the President and CEO at DuPage Children’s Museum (DCM). Ingram’s work has focused on building networks to connect underserved and underrepresented communities and families to exceptional learning experiences. As the Vice President of Education and Guest Services at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) for 13 years, she developed the nationally recognized \"Welcome to Science Initiative;” as the Chief of Strategic Partnerships and Information for the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), Ingram designed systems to connect resources to youth while leading the application of research to policy; as the Director of Budget and Tax Policy for Voices of Illinois Children, Ingram became a leading expert and advocate on the fiscal policy that impacts children and families. Two childhood educators founded DuPage Children’s Museum in 1987 with the vision of providing access for all children to playful learning experiences that support the development of their creativity, critical thinking, and problem solving skills. Building on the foundation of DCM’s 35 years of impact, Ingram is now leading DCM in a transformation that supports children and youth across Illinois in becoming innovators, scientists, and solution builders of global challenges through a local lens. MIT SPR spoke to Ingram about removing the barriers and developing policies to promote children’s engagement in science through museums.","PeriodicalId":396187,"journal":{"name":"MIT Science Policy Review","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125770173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Women in academia: Why and where does the pipeline leak, and how can we fix it? 学术界的女性:管道泄漏的原因和位置，以及我们如何修复它?

MIT Science Policy Review Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.38105/spr.xmvdiojee1

Lena Greska

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Evaluating a Manhattan Project for climate change 评估曼哈顿气候变化计划

MIT Science Policy Review Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.38105/spr.n2f62bvcsx

Nirmal Bhatt, P. Heller

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Decarbonizing aviation: The roles of sustainable aviation fuels and hydrogen fuel 脱碳航空:可持续航空燃料和氢燃料的作用

MIT Science Policy Review Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.38105/spr.4z2j4tru9a

Vennela Mannava, Leela Velautham

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Breaking down the impact of automation in manufacturing 分解自动化对制造业的影响

MIT Science Policy Review Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.38105/spr.ja3pmglhj7

Alison Fang, Vickie Chen, Matthew McDonald

{"title":"Breaking down the impact of automation in manufacturing","authors":"Alison Fang, Vickie Chen, Matthew McDonald","doi":"10.38105/spr.ja3pmglhj7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38105/spr.ja3pmglhj7","url":null,"abstract":"In many manufacturing industries, automation technologies are increasingly being developed and implemented for their ability to optimize processes to achieve higher efficiency and productivity. They can increase production volume while ensuring uniform output and, after an initial capital investment, can cost less to operate than an equivalent human workforce. Industrial adaptation to automation has been observed across various sectors, especially using machines in place of human workers in traditionally labor-intensive manufacturing processes. While automation can bring economic benefits, it also has repercussions for the human workers and communities it impacts - some workers have been displaced as their roles are taken over by machines, while many who remain employed suffer from negative outcomes such as lower wages, worse benefits, and earlier retirement. On the other hand, automation of rote tasks has many positive effects such as accelerating economic growth. With mundane tasks being automated, new job opportunities are created and highly skilled workers are free to redirect their efforts on more complex tasks or exercise their creativity in ways that were previously not possible. Additionally, consumers benefit from lower prices and shorter time-to-market, and communities benefit from improved safety and sustainability. We explore all of these tradeoffs in more detail as they affect producers, consumers, and society as a whole. We also investigate policy opportunities pertaining to worker training, job benefits, sustainability, and government infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":396187,"journal":{"name":"MIT Science Policy Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126890132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An interview with Dr. Tim Flohrer: On low Earth orbit orbital debris mitigation, avoidance, and tracking 采访蒂姆-弗洛勒（Tim Flohrer）博士：低地球轨道轨道碎片减缓、避免和跟踪

MIT Science Policy Review Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.38105/spr.9xy5fs4fhi

Eduardo Maristany, Swetha Tadisina

{"title":"An interview with Dr. Tim Flohrer: On low Earth orbit orbital debris mitigation, avoidance, and tracking","authors":"Eduardo Maristany, Swetha Tadisina","doi":"10.38105/spr.9xy5fs4fhi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38105/spr.9xy5fs4fhi","url":null,"abstract":"MIT Science Policy Review spoke with Dr. Tim Flohrer about his perspective on policy and technological aspects of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) orbital debris mitigation, avoidance, and tracking. Dr. Flohrer is the Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency (ESA). He holds a PhD in Physics and Astronomy from the University of Bern and a Master’s in Geodesy from the Dresden University of Technology. He joined the Space Debris Office as an engineer in 2007 and since 2014, he has worked for ESA’s Space Situational Awareness Programme (SSA) and Space Safety Programme, and he currently leads activities addressing the monitoring of space debris. In parallel, he also supports operational collision avoidance activities for ESA and third-party missions, re-entry predictions, mitigation analyses, long-term predictions of the space debris environment, and space debris risk assessments. Additionally, he is a delegate to the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC). Because of his ties to ESA and deep technological knowledge, he brings a valuable, and often overlooked, international perspective on the orbital debris mitigation, avoidance, and tracking space.","PeriodicalId":396187,"journal":{"name":"MIT Science Policy Review","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131538121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0