EnzymesPub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-10-07DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.006
Akinari Yokoya, Yui Obata
{"title":"Core level ionization or excitation and Auger relaxation induce clustered DNA damage.","authors":"Akinari Yokoya, Yui Obata","doi":"10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ionizing radiation causes various types of DNA damage, such as single- (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs), nucleobase lesions, abasic sites (AP sites), and cross-linking between complementary strands of DNA or DNA and proteins. DSBs are among the most harmful type of DNA damage, inducing serious genetic effects such as cell lethality and mutation. Nucleobase lesions and AP sites, on the other hand, may be less deleterious and are promptly repaired by base excision repair (BER) pathways. Recently, biochemical approaches to quantify nucleobase lesions and AP sites have revealed certain types of non-strand break lesions as harmful DNA damage, called clustered DNA damage. Such clusters can retard nucleobase excision repair enzymes, and can sometimes be converted to DSBs by BER catalysis. This unique character of clustered DNA damage strongly depends on the spatial density of ionization or excitation events occurring at the track end of initial radiation or low energy secondary electrons. In particular, the photoelectric effect of elements comprising biological molecules, followed by emission of Auger electrons, are key factors in determining the future fate of each clustered damage site. This chapter describes biological studies of clustered nucleobase lesions with SSBs or AP sites, and mechanistical studies on core level excitation and Auger relaxation giving rise to clustered DNA damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":39097,"journal":{"name":"Enzymes","volume":"51 ","pages":"79-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40682360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnzymesPub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.003
Fuyuhiko Tamanoi
{"title":"The enzymes first edition.","authors":"Fuyuhiko Tamanoi","doi":"10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Enzymes series was initiated in 1950 with the publication of a book entitled, \"The Enzymes: Chemistry and Mechanism of Action\" edited by James B. Sumner and Karl Myerback. There are two parts, Part 1 and Part 2 and the book contains 78 chapters. Authors and chapter titles for Part 1 and Part 2 are listed.</p>","PeriodicalId":39097,"journal":{"name":"Enzymes","volume":"52 ","pages":"23-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40494147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnzymesPub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.008
Atsushi Shibata
{"title":"Carbon ion radiation and clustered DNA double-strand breaks.","authors":"Atsushi Shibata","doi":"10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A carbon ion categorized as a heavy ion particle has been used for cancer radiotherapy. High linear energy transfer (LET) carbon ion irradiation deposits energy at a high density along a particle track, generating multiple types of DNA damage. Complex DNA lesions, comprising DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), single-strand breaks, and base damage within 1-2 helical turns (<3-4nm), are thought to be difficult to repair and critically influence cell viability. In addition to the effect of lesion complexity, the most recent studies have demonstrated another characteristic of high LET particle radiation-induced DNA damage, clustered DSBs. Clustered DSBs are defined as the formation of multiple DSBs in close proximity where the scale of clustering is approximately 1-2μm<sup>3</sup>, i.e., the scale of the event is estimated to be > ∼1Mbp. This chapter reviews the hallmarks of clustered DSBs and how such DNA damage influences genome instability and cell viability in the context of high LET carbon ion radiotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":39097,"journal":{"name":"Enzymes","volume":"51 ","pages":"117-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40682354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnzymesPub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.004
Fuyuhiko Tamanoi
{"title":"The enzymes second edition part 1.","authors":"Fuyuhiko Tamanoi","doi":"10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Publication of the second edition of The Enzymes series was initiated in 1959 and eight volumes were published. This chapter describes volumes 1-3. All the eight volumes were edited by Paul D. Boyer, Henry Lardy and Karl Myerback. Authors and chapter titles are listed.</p>","PeriodicalId":39097,"journal":{"name":"Enzymes","volume":"52 ","pages":"33-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40494148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnzymesPub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.001
Fuyuhiko Tamanoi, Kenichi Yoshikawa
{"title":"Summary of volume 51: DNA damage and double-strand breaks.","authors":"Fuyuhiko Tamanoi, Kenichi Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>DNA damage and breaks are events that happen to DNA which exert a variety of influence on cell physiology including inhibition of DNA synthesis, repair response, cell cycle effect and cell death. Thus, it is important to deepened understanding of these events. In volume 51, we discussed topics including (1) assays to detect double-strand breaks, (2) conditions leading to double-strand breaks, (3) effects of irradiation, (4) DNA structure and chromatins, and (5) direct and indirect effect on DNA. Contributing authors and a table of contents for volume 51 are mentioned. We also discuss further issues and topics that need to be featured in future volumes. These include DNA damage sensors, DNA damage response proteins, and double-strand break repair pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":39097,"journal":{"name":"Enzymes","volume":"52 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40722194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnzymesPub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.005
Natsuko Kondo
{"title":"DNA damage and biological responses induced by Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT).","authors":"Natsuko Kondo","doi":"10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a tumor cell selective high LET (linear energy transfer) particle beam therapy. The patient is administrated a boron (<sup>10</sup>B) compound via intravenous injection or infusion, and when <sup>10</sup>B is sufficiently accumulated in the tumor, neutron beams containing epithermal neutrons as the main component are irradiated. Epithermal neutrons lose energy in the body and become thermal neutrons. The captured <sup>10</sup>B undergoes a (n, α) reaction with thermal neutrons, and the resulting α particles and <sup>7</sup>Li nuclei have short ranges of 9-10μm and 4-5μm, respectively, and do not reach the surrounding cells in normal tissues. Therefore, these high LET-heavy charged particles can selectively kill cancer cells. The cell-killing effect of these heavy charged particles is thought to be triggered by DNA damage. It is known that DNA damage caused by heavy charged particles is more serious and difficult to repair than DNA damage caused by Low LET radiation such as X-rays and γ-rays. This review focuses on DNA damage, e.g., DNA strand breaks and DNA damage repair caused by BNCT and describes the resulting biological response.</p>","PeriodicalId":39097,"journal":{"name":"Enzymes","volume":"51 ","pages":"65-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40682358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnzymesPub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.002
Fuyuhiko Tamanoi, Kenichi Yoshikawa
{"title":"Inhibition of DNA synthesis and cancer therapies.","authors":"Fuyuhiko Tamanoi, Kenichi Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer is a worldwide problem afflicting 19 million people. Inhibition of DNA synthesis has been a cornerstone of anticancer therapy. A variety of chemotherapy drugs have been developed and many of these are aimed at inhibiting DNA synthesis, as they damage DNA, form DNA adduct and interfere with DNA synthesis. Another type of chemotherapy interferes with the synthesis of nucleotide pools. There are also other types of drugs that inhibit topoisomerases resulting in the interference with DNA replication and transcription. Significant progress has been made regarding radiation therapy that includes X-ray (and γ-ray), proton therapy and heavy ion therapy. The Auger therapy is a type of radiation therapy that differs from X-ray, proton or heavy ion therapy. The method relies on the use of high Z elements such as gadolinium, iodine, gold or silver. Irradiation of these elements results in the release of electrons including the Auger electrons that have strong DNA damaging effect. Tamanoi et al. developed novel nanoparticles containing gadolinium or iodine to place high Z elements at the periphery of the nucleus thus localizing them close to DNA. Irradiation with monochromatic X-ray resulted in the formation of double-strand DNA breaks leading to the destruction of tumor mass. Comparison of conventional X-ray therapy and the Auger therapy is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":39097,"journal":{"name":"Enzymes","volume":"52 ","pages":"11-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40722195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnzymesPub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-11-09DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.005
Fuyuhiko Tamanoi
{"title":"The enzymes second edition part 2.","authors":"Fuyuhiko Tamanoi","doi":"10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.enz.2022.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Publication of the second edition of The Enzymes series was initiated in 1959 and eight volumes were published. This chapter describes volumes 4-8. All eight volumes were edited by Paul D. Boyer, Henry Lardy and Karl Myerback. Authors and chapter titles are listed.</p>","PeriodicalId":39097,"journal":{"name":"Enzymes","volume":"52 ","pages":"45-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40494149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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