Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide最新文献

{"title":"Comparing crime types: a linguistic analysis of communiqués associated with the animal and earth liberation movement","authors":"Michael K. Logan, M. Hall","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2019.1613554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1613554","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The content and style of language reveal significant insight into psychological, cognitive, and emotional processes. A growing number of studies have also been devoted to linking language to psychological and social processes underlying violent extremism. Building on this body of literature, the current study examines the type of language used in communiqués associated with the earth and animal liberation movement between 2013 and 2017. We pay specific attention to differences in communiqués associated with different criminal events including arson, animal liberation, sabotage, and vandalism. We also compare the communiqué data to a collection of lone-actor terrorist’s writings. The results suggest that communiqués linked to arson and animal liberation were highest on the indicators of affect and cognitive complexity compared to the other crime types. As a whole, the earth and animal liberation movement communiqués were similar to the lone-actor texts in negative emotions. Finding from this study support the influence of negative emotions, and anger in particular, in motivating and justifying violent extremism.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2019.1613554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48265390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calculated contributors: IGO support for ethnopolitical organizations","authors":"Victor Asal, L. Heger, D. Stinnett","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2019.1600709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1600709","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Why do some organizations representing ethnic minorities receive outside diplomatic support from intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)? This article analyses ethnopolitical organizations in the Middle East from 1980 to 2004. The analysis explores two different possible answers. First, IGOs are guided by normative principles and are inclined to support ethnopolitical organizations that have democratic characteristics. Second, IGOs are guided by practical concerns, and choose to support those organizations that have the most influence. Although the analysis finds evidence for both the normative and strategic views, the variables associated with the strategic view have a larger substantive effect on the probability of support.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2019.1600709","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49105543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear terrorism: what can we learn from South Africa’s development of nuclear devices?","authors":"Brecht Volders","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2019.1576917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1576917","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Traditional assessments of nuclear terrorism threats primarily focus on the motivation of terrorist organizations to go nuclear, the availability of know-how, and the opportunities to obtain fissile material. The organizational challenges of implementing the construction and detonation of an improvised nuclear device are not often systematically explored. To contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the threat, this article aims to study South Africa’s Peaceful Nuclear Explosives programme to verify and further refine the idea of an effectiveness-efficiency trade-off for terrorist organizations pursuing a nuclear terrorism plot.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2019.1576917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46144751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Justification of intergroup violence – the role of right-wing authoritarianism and propensity for radical action","authors":"L. Faragó, Anna Kende, Péter Krekó","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2019.1576916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1576916","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Economic and political trends of the last decades resulted in a general rise in anti-minority populism in Hungary. Anti-minority sentiments have been manifested in violence primarily against the Roma, but also against other target groups. The aim of the current study is to reveal the social psychological mechanisms of justifying intergroup violence against outgroups representing a symbolic or a physical threat. Considering that right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) can legitimize violence agsainst threatening outgroups, we hypothesized that RWA would be more important in explaining justification of intergroup violence than a general propensity for radical action. We tested our hypothesis using computer-assisted personal interviews using a representative sample of 1000 respondents. Using structural equation modelling, we found that RWA was a much stronger predictor of the justification of intergroup violence against both physically and symbolically threatening groups than propensity for radical action. Furthermore, a comparison of the groups also revealed that those who justify violence against symbolically threatening groups were also higher in right-wing authoritarianism. These findings highlight that RWA justifies politically motivated aggression against different target groups in Hungary.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2019.1576916","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46568718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The radicalization of the Kanes: family as a primary group influence?","authors":"J. Carson, Patrick A. James, Tyler A. O’Neal","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2019.1568513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1568513","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The extant literature speaks to the complexity involved in terrorist radicalization, yet has been unduly focused on jihadists. This is especially problematic given that other ideologically motivated movements have demonstrated a larger threat to the US homeland, like that of right-wing extremists. In addition, few US-based studies have focused on the role that one potentially important factor may have in these processes: that of the family. We seek to rectify this gap in the research by examining two “typical” case studies: Jerry Jr. and Joseph Kane. Informed by a social learning and social structure framework (SSSL), we find several instances where this primary group both created and reinforced definitions favorable to terrorism.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2019.1568513","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42378307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A micro-sociological analysis of homegrown violent extremist attacks in the UK in 2017","authors":"Martin McCleery, A. Edwards","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1563905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1563905","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The academic literature on terrorism largely ignores micro-sociological explanations of violence. This is especially true in relation to the research concerning Homegrown Violent Extremists (HVE). This article provides a micro-sociological analysis of four high-profile terrorist attacks that occurred in the British cities of London and Manchester in 2017, which were carried out with deadly effect by HVE. The main focus of the article is the micro-dynamics surrounding each violent episode, although the article also recognizes the importance of the meso factors and macro motivations underpinning these violent acts. One of the central assertions of this article is that most humans dislike and are not particularly good at violence. As such, it seeks to understand how the individuals involved in these attacks could partake in such violence. It argues that most individuals must employ what we refer to as the principle of Attacker Advantage to commit violent acts, regardless of other factors and motivations.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1563905","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41983716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Nullification through armed civil disobedience”: a case study of strategic framing in the patriot/militia movement","authors":"Sam Jackson","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1563904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1563904","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The patriot/militia movement in the US has grown in prominence over the past several years, with the movement engaging in high-profile conflicts with law enforcement (e.g., at the Bundy Ranch standoff in Nevada in 2014) and political opponents (e.g., clashing with antifascist activists in Boston and Berkeley in 2017). One of the strategies movement leaders use to solicit support is to ground their goals and behaviour in American history. This article presents a case study of one striking example of this, where a leading figure in the movement (Mike Vanderboegh, who popularized the idea of the Three Percenters) attempted to justify his advocacy of violating the law by simultaneously claiming the legal legitimacy of nullification and the moral legitimacy of civil disobedience. I argue that this rhetoric is an example of strategic frame appropriation. This type of frame appropriation serves the purpose of legitimating violent resistance to government by drawing parallels to other forms of political activism that are widely respected.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1563904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49271300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter from the Editor","authors":"G. Ligon, Steven Windisch","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2019.1577529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1577529","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict Readers: Welcome to Volume 12, Issue 1! We are delighted to introduce our Special Issue on Home-grown Violent Extremism in the Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide Journal. The motivation for this Special Issue was threefold. First, why and how do individuals from relatively peaceful, affluent Western societies become inspired by ideologies from distant lands and messengers? While these cases receive much attention in the popular press, there has been less scholarly work on these issues. Second, while the term “Home-grown Violent Extremism” has commonly been used to describe Westerners inspired by Salafi-Jihadist ideologies, a goal of this issue is to bring attention to another type of “Home-grown” extremist: namely, those with Far-Right and Anti-Government ideological goals. These groups and individuals also spent formative years in relatively peaceful Western countries, yet they developed extreme and violent belief systems, powerful group dynamics, and practised tactics and techniques to commit ideologically inspired crimes on a commonly defined enemy. Finally, the inclusion of multiple variants of Home-grown Violent Extremists in this issue affords a comparison between them. Many of the same dynamics operate across the groups, and our hope is that reframing each as comparable types of ideological violence that emerge from relatively developed countries will begin to bridge some gaps in our understanding of the pathways towards each brand of terrorism. We have five exceptional articles to share with you in this issue, ranging from Martin McCleery and Aaron Edward’s micro-situational analysis of four Salafi jihadi-inspired attacks in the United Kingdom to Susan Fahey and Pete Simi’s comparative analysis of Far-Right extremist pathways in the United States. While this issue covers a range of ideological groups, from the far-right to Salafi jihadi-inspired extremism, and relies on several methodological and theoretical frameworks, the commonality across these articles is their focus on individuals who were inspired or directly influenced by extremist views and perpetrated, promoted, or approved of violent acts in pursuit of extremist views in their home country or its territories. In doing so, these articles analyse extremism through a diverse array of individual and group-level dynamics. Moreover, in their own unique way, each article addresses a specific tactic or strategy underlying home-grown violent extremism through different theoretical frameworks. For example, Martin McCleery and Aaron Edwards employ a micro-sociological framework to better understand how individuals involved in extremist attacks partake in such violence. The authors find that most extremists dislike and are not particularly good at violence and must employ the principle of “Attacker Advantage” to commit violent acts, regardless of other factors and motivations. In another article, Lasse Lindekilde, St","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2019.1577529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43316678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathways to violent extremism: a qualitative comparative analysis of the US far-right","authors":"S. Fahey, Pete Simi","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1551558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1551558","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this research, we analyzed extensive life history interviews and open-source data on a sample of 35 current and former white supremacists. These individuals had all committed ideologically motivated violence, some of which clearly exhibited a greater degree of planning, who we termed the “planned violence” sample while those in the “spontaneous violence” sample had committed more opportunistic violence, such as “wilding-style” attacks on available victims. Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), we examined whether there were important differences in the presence and combination of prior risk factors, such as offending history, truancy, delinquent peers, family members involved in extremism, a lower- or working-class childhood and academic failure, which led to the outcome condition of either planned or spontaneous violence. Our findings demonstrated differences between the two samples, with the spontaneous violence sample demonstrating higher risk than the planned violence sample. However, no support was garnered for the identification of distinct pathways of homogeneous risk factors among either sample of violent offenders.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1551558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45903666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peripheral and embedded: relational patterns of lone-actor terrorist radicalization","authors":"Lasse Lindekilde, S. Malthaner, Francis O’Connor","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1551557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1551557","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article provides a comparative analysis of lone-actor terrorist radicalization from a relational perspective. Extant research on lone-actor terrorism has shown that lone actors are rarely as “lone” as public perceptions suggest. In most cases, lone-actor terrorists have some social ties to established radical groups. Accordingly, this article asks (1) why these individuals do not integrate into the radical groups they frequent and engage in collective violence, and (2) if they do integrate, why do they then end up engaging in violence on their own? The article argues that patterns of lone-actor terrorist radicalization can be categorized according to the extent and evolution of their loneness. It highlights two broad patterns of lone-actor radicalization in relation to broader radical groups/movements – peripheral and embedded – and explores the reasons why some lone-actor terrorists remain peripherally integrated in radical groups, while others become more embedded only to engage in violence alone. The article is based on qualitative research, drawing on a geographically and ideologically diverse sample of cases (N = 25), and access to restricted material. The article identifies and theorizes five recurrent radicalization trajectories, which are variations of the peripheral and embedded patterns, and discuss the implications for prevention/interdiction.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1551557","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43249412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}