Journalism history最新文献

{"title":"“A Paper Agitation”: The All India Newspaper Editors’ Conference, the Indian State, and the Struggle Over the First Amendment","authors":"Aritra Majumdar","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2023.2264714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2023.2264714","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe addition of the First Amendment to the Indian Constitution is considered a crucial moment in the constitutional history of liberty of speech and expression, and by extension, freedom of the press, in postcolonial India. Aimed at limiting the right to free speech and expression through several caveats, the attempt to pass the amendment roused fierce press protest led by the All-India Newspaper Editors’ Conference (AINEC). Such protest notwithstanding, the Nehru government succeeded in passing the amendment through Parliament. This article seeks to revisit the months of April to July 1951 to understand how the press and, in particular, its primary organization—AINEC—understood the threat to their liberty and organized against it. In particular, the arguments put forth by AINEC and the methods applied by its leaders to unify the press shall be studied through the letters, meetings, and editorials of AINEC and its major functionaries. The reactions these endeavors elicited, in turn, shall be studied to explain why the attempted unity, and the larger protest, ultimately failed, and what this failure can explain about the limits of press unity and the difficulties of opposing a nationalist government in early postcolonial India.KEYWORDS: AINECFirst Amendment (India)Indian Constitutionpostcolonial Indiapress freedom Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Jagdish Natarajan, History of Journalism in India (New Delhi, India: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1955), 173–75, 250.2. Robin Jeffrey, “Mission, Money and Machinery: Indian Newspapers in the Twentieth Century,” Institute of South Asian Studies Working Paper, no. 117 (November 25, 2010): 17, https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/media/isas_papers/ISAS%20Working%20Paper%20117%20Mission,%20Money%20and%20Machinery.pdf.3. Emily Rook-Koepsel, “Dissenting against the Defence of India Rules: Emergency Regulations and the Space of Extreme Government Action,” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 41, no. 3 (August 2, 2018): 650–54, https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.20181485475.4. Rook-Koepsel, “Dissenting against the Defence of India Rules,” 654.5. Devika Sethi, War over Words; Censorship in India: 1930–1960 (New Delhi, India: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 204–7.6. For a study of how the First Amendment has been interpreted by Marxist and liberal historians and scholars, see Nivedita Menon, “Citizenship and the Passive Revolution: Interpreting the First Amendment,” Economic and Political Weekly 39, no. 18 (2004): 1812–19.7. Geerpuram Nadadur Srinivasa Raghavan, The Press in India (New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 1994), 138–43.8. V. Krishna Ananth, Between Freedom and Unfreedom: The Press in Independent India (New Delhi, India: Alcove, 2020), 46–57.9. Tripurdaman Singh, Sixteen Stormy Days (New Delhi, India: Penguin Random House, 2020), 90–98.10. Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, “The Iron Ca","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"13 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135567937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Blood on their Hands” vs. “A Foolish Prank”: The British Press’s Response to a Deadly Hoax on the Royal Family","authors":"Teri Finneman, Ryan J. Thomas","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2023.2251357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2023.2251357","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study builds upon historical scholarship of the royal family and the British press to examine a critical incident in 2012 involving future queen Kate Middleton. After radio deejays hoaxed a hospital where Middleton was a patient, a nurse inadvertently involved with the prank died by suicide, creating a global sensation. This study examines how the British press and public reacted to this breach of media ethics. Although some in the press condemned the incident, victim-blaming illustrated an evasion of responsibility when it comes to media and the royal family. The public, via letters to the editor, tended to take a firmer stance and were more apt to contextualize the hoax against a history of invasive media coverage. Overall, this study suggests the British press remains wedded to historical strategies of distancing and victim-blaming, providing little optimism about how the relationship between the press and the royal family might change.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135982240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editor’s Note","authors":"Pam Parry","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2023.2228663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2023.2228663","url":null,"abstract":"Published in Journalism History (Vol. 49, No. 3, 2023)","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138518070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Gibson Girl to Gibson Goddess: The World War I Illustrations of Charles Dana Gibson in Life Magazine","authors":"Harlen Makemson","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2023.2232251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2023.2232251","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Charles Dana Gibson’s leadership of the Division of Pictorial Publicity, part of the US government’s Committee on Public Information (CPI), during World War I has been thoroughly studied, yet scant attention has been given to his own art during the conflict. This study examines Gibson’s illustrations that appeared in the illustrated humor magazine Life during World War I, with the primary purpose of examining how he employed the female image to not only garner support for the war, but also define women’s responsibilities and limitations in time of war. Examination of Life during the war indicates that the Gibson Girl’s “Beauty” or “Sentimental” typologies had limited utility in convincing Americans that the battle in Europe was worth fighting. Instead, Gibson was more likely to use two female forms that had long ago become well-recognized American propaganda devices—the “Protecting Angel,” who assumed roles as nurses, aid workers, and, by extension, mothers of soldiers; and the “Amazon Warrior,” always attired in gowns, usually in large (if not colossal) scale, and most often bearing conceptual labels such as Freedom or Democracy.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"49 1","pages":"181 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43526136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"”Mystery People”: Triracial Isolate Newspaper Coverage and Conceptions of Race from 1880-1943","authors":"J. M. Friedman","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2023.2236524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2023.2236524","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Croatans, Melungeons, Redbones, Wesorts. In US society at the turn of the twentieth century, as in other times, racial identity brought power and powerlessness. Triracial isolates—with their presumed blend of Indian, European, and African ancestry—puzzled early newsmen who marveled about and ridiculed them. This qualitative content analysis pulls apart newspaper coverage of such groups to explore its underpinnings. Analysis of news stories (N = 125) spanning sixty-three years, from 1880 to 1943, reveals the themes of Mysterious Origins; Description, especially racial comparison; and Anecdote, from history to humor. The articles’ presence in publications hundreds, even thousands, of miles from these communities evidences a kind of racial campfire story, taken out, burnished, and repeated for entertainment. Group members’ voices are largely excluded from narratives. The coverage illustrates society’s deep-seated desire to name, claim, and defame based upon perceived race, as well as news conventions of othering.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"49 1","pages":"239 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41605091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Irish People and the American Presidency","authors":"Tim Gleason","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2023.2230444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2023.2230444","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Irish People was a New York-based newspaper with the single mission of supporting Catholics in Northern Ireland as they faced discrimination from the British-controlled Ulster government. While Irish American magazines promoted a romantic view of Ireland that encouraged tourism to the Republic of Ireland, Irish People reported on political and social conflict. This article examines Irish People’s role as a propaganda newspaper that targeted the American presidencies of the 1980s and 1990s. While it was mostly a “white propaganda” operation—truthful and overt propaganda—that reported British offenses and applied pressure on the American government to intervene, some of the money the newspaper helped to raise for Northern Irish charities may have gone to the Irish Republican Army.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"49 1","pages":"215 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45093927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expecting Advice: Reproductive Health and Consciousness Raising in the Boston Globe’s Confidential Chat Column","authors":"Mary V. Heckman, Arden Bastia","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2023.2222617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2023.2222617","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores consciousness raising in the Boston Globe’s Confidential Chat column, documenting how, during the second wave of feminism, it became a venue where women educated themselves about reproductive health. The Chat’s nonhierarchical, participatory nature allowed women to discuss abortion, contraception, infertility, and related topics during a time when the role of women in society was undergoing profound change. Boston’s deep Catholic roots added complexities to these discussions. The findings provide historical context for modern social media discourse around reproductive choice.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"49 1","pages":"201 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45915150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Letters from Honest People” and “Letters from Hell”: Emergent Visceral Publics in Carrie Nation’s Smasher’s Mail","authors":"Kerith M. Woodyard","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2023.2203025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2023.2203025","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Grounded in Jenell Johnson’s theory of visceral publics, this study examines 229 letters published in the Smasher’s Mail, an American temperance newspaper edited by Progressive-era reformer Carrie (or Carry) Nation 1 at the height of her 1901 saloon-smashing crusade to enforce Kansas prohibition. Because the newspaper printed letters from citizens who energetically endorsed saloon-smashing as a tactic of pro-temperance agitation and from those who vociferously opposed it, this analysis illuminates how Nation’s paper functioned as an important platform for fervid public deliberation over the perceived necessity of temperance reform and the best means of achieving it. Exploring what the smashing controversy meant to real people and the powerful feelings it elicited on both sides of the debate, this study demonstrates the emergence of two oppositional visceral publics bound by shared intense feelings over perceived boundary violations involving the borders of the human body, the home, private enterprise, law and order, and the “woman’s sphere.” Pro-smashing writers, who elevated their alcohol-free vision of the common good over the individual rights of saloonkeepers and their patrons, saw saloon-smashing as justified, even necessary, to protect society from the consequences of intemperance. In contrast, smashing opponents, rejecting prohibitionist calls to regulate private behavior for the common good, prioritized saloonkeepers’ and patrons’ individual rights of life, liberty, and property.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"49 1","pages":"110 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46738555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Propaganda Became a Dirty Word","authors":"Lindsay M. McCluskey, J. Hamilton, Amy Reynolds","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2023.2203026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2023.2203026","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With the emergence of systematic, pervasive government information programs and the rise of persuasion as a new profession, the words propaganda and publicity became definitional in the twentieth century. This historical qualitative and quantitative content analysis of the New York Times provides a basis for understanding the usage of propaganda and publicity during the years leading up to, during, and after World War I. At the turn of the nineteenth century, propaganda had a benign, narrow meaning. Propaganda became a negative word during World War I. Publicity also did not come out of the war unscathed. This research provides a more granular understanding of the emergence of persuasion as a profession and helps the readers understand the forces behind the emergence of mass communication as a field of study.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"49 1","pages":"140 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44538907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deadline: A History of Journalists Murdered in the United States","authors":"Elizabeth Atwood","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2023.2203021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2023.2203021","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite the press freedom enshrined in the First Amendment, at least sixty-four journalists were intentionally killed in the United States between 1829 and 2023 because of their work. The victims included veteran and novice reporters who worked at news outlets in big cities and small towns throughout the country. This study aims to provide an account of those attacks in order to develop a typology to explain the violence against American journalists. The insights give clues for how the risk of violence might be mitigated. The study categorizes fatal attacks on journalists as: violence against individuals, violence against ideas, violence to stop investigations, and violence against institutions.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":"49 1","pages":"158 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41918231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}