Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal最新文献

{"title":"Further Evaluation of the performance of Shugor, Dubasi and Watish subtypes of Sudanese Desert sheep: Under Sedentary and Improved Production Systems","authors":"A. Sulieman, A. Bashar, A. Elamin, H.A. El Tahir, S. Sulieman","doi":"10.31559/vmph2022.3.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31559/vmph2022.3.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted in the National Sheep Research Station in Elhuda, Sudan where the sheep flocks are kept for scientific research purposes. The aim of the study is to evaluate two systems of sheep productivity namely: the prevailing annual single lamb cropping (sheer-sedentary) and induced three lamb cropping per two years to which feed supplementation is provided (improved – sedentary). Three subtypes: Shugor, Dubasi and Watish in Sudan Desert sheep were used for a three –lamp crops, per two years, in addition to feed supplementation, to represent an improved-sedentary system, (B) against a sheer sedentary (A), that represents an annual single-lamp-crop system. The improved sedentary was associated with reductions in the overall average values of the traits: ewes losses (1.95 vs 3.09%), ewe barrenness (17.30 vs 28.67%) and lambing interval (257.97 vs 353.50 days ), whereas it enhanced lambing rate (82.73 vs72.67 %), litter size at weaning measured: as lambs weaned per ewes exposed for breeding (1.01 vs 0.67) and as lambs weaned per ewes that actually lambed (1.12 vs 0.93) improved adjusted lamb weaning weight per ewe at 60 days of lamb age (13.62 vs 10.58 kg) , increased lamb survival rate (93.91 vs 75.63%) and eventually promoted productivity index (18.36 vs 5.25kg) of lambs weaned per ewe per year. These overall average values were calculated out of the mean values of the measured traits shown in tables (1 and 2) of the text. Furthermore, the comparison between the three subtype sheep groups for their performance as affected by the improved sedentary against the sheer - sedentary revealed similar trends of response as above, that culminated in the Shugor subtype having the greatest productivity index mean value (20.82 kg) as subsequently compared with that of either the subtype Dubasi (17.56 kg) or the Watish subtype (16.70 kg). It is concluded that these results do encourage the adoption and projection on the improved-sedentary system, specially, under the surroundings of irrigated agriculture land use to provide extra income to the welfare of the farmer.","PeriodicalId":385877,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114706721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Live Weight and Live Weight Changes and Some Relationships of Certain Reproductive Traits in the Breeding Female Shugor and Dubasi Sub-Types of Sudan Desert Sheep","authors":"A. Sulieman, A. Bashar, H.A. El Tahir, S. Sulieman","doi":"10.31559/vmph2022.3.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31559/vmph2022.3.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out at the National Sheep Research Station in Elhuda, Sudan to investigate the situation of female sheep conditions while in gestation and to consult some aspects associated to pregnancy parameters and others on live weight were collected, processed and statistically tested in addition to variability consideration. Thus, live weight changes its variability and some relationships for certain reproductive traits in the Shugor and Dubasi subtypes of Sudanese Desert sheep ewes were studied from mating events to the immediate postpartum date. The overall live weight changes during this period resulted in an increase of 22.8 and 27.6% in the live weight of either of these two ewe groups ,respectively, but with an overall greater in live weight variability within the Shugor as contrasted with that within their contemporary Dubasi ewe group (11.33vs 8.27%, CV), having periodic mean value which ranges from 10.70 -13.5% CV and 7.2 – 8.5% CV, respectively, for the Shugor and Dubasi ewe groups. The combined contribution of the foetal lamb weights, foetal placenta fluids weights composed 20.0% for the Shugor and 17.9% for the Dubasi of the breeding (mating) live weight of each while the weight of the lamb at birth and that of the associated placenta had mean values of 11.1 ±0.06% and 1.23 ± 0.06, respectively, of the Shugor pre-partum ewe live weight but the corresponding mean proportional values in the Dubasi group were 9.48 ± 0.49% and 1.20 ±0.08 % .The regression of gestation length, post-partum ewe live weight and lamb birth weight had mean values of + 0.37 , + 0.71 and 0.002 as related to the breeding (mating) ewe live weight of the Shugor whereas the corresponding regression values in the Dubasi ewes were +0.03 ,+ 0.67 and + 0.03. None of these contrasting parameter values was significantly different in the two subtype groups. Similarly, the regression values of the placenta weight on the lamb birth weight were not significantly different, respecttively, - 0.02 and + 0.032 in the Shugor and Dubasi ewe groups. It is concluded that live weights variations in breeding females should be made manageable to their least possible to allow for more solid data, on the female and its offspring, as this is conductive to performance development.","PeriodicalId":385877,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128896432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite, An Artificial Exsheathment Medium, on the Viability of Nematode Larvae","authors":"E. Elowni, G. H. Abdelnabi, M. Ahmad","doi":"10.31559/vmph2022.3.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31559/vmph2022.3.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is used extensively as an artificial exsheathment medium of nematode larvae in various studies, such as comparing the efficacy of drugs, and assessment of resistance to anthelmintics or evaluation of plant extracts as anthelmintics due to its unique capacity for tissue dissolution. Studies with NaOCl by other authors indicate that the compound, although highly effective as an exsheathing agent, significantly lowers the infectivity of the exsheathed larvae produced, suggesting reduced viability. We used Strongyloides papillosus larvae, a nematode that naturally lacks a protective sheath and a potentially highly motile organism, as a model to exclude or confirm possible negative effects on the viability of the parasite. Motility was taken as a viability assay. Larvae were designated as actively motile, sluggish, or immotile. Results were presented as additional supplementary movie files. The viability of larvae is dependent on both the concentration and the time of exposure to the compound. There are certain concentration (C) and time (T) limits beyond which viability is impaired (0.3% ˃ C ˃ 0.2%; 10 min ˃ T ˃ 5 min). It is concluded that results from studies where NaOCl is used as an exsheathment medium should be interpreted with caution as the compound is capable of reducing the viability of larvae. It may even induce structural damage.","PeriodicalId":385877,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127168926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient Intake and Digestibility of Red Sokoto Goats Fed Different Forms of Neem Leaves, Supplemented with a Concentrate Diet","authors":"L. M. Ibrahim, J. Ocheja, B. Yahaya, M. Sadiq, B. Agyo, J. Uguru, I. Madu, M. Yahaya","doi":"10.31559/vmph2022.3.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31559/vmph2022.3.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The study evaluated the nutrient intake and digestibility of red sokoto goats fed different forms of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves and a concentrate diet. The experiment was carried out at the small ruminant’s unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Kashere. Gombe state, Nigeria. Sixteen red sokoto goats (bucks) aged between 7 to 9 months, with weight range of 6.8 to 7.2 kg were allotted into four (4) treatments of four goats each. The goats were fed fresh neem leaves, neem leaves hay, neem leaves meal and neem leaves silage at 300g/goat/day for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively; and concentrate diet at 125g/goat/day for a duration of sixty-three (63) days. Water was served ad-libitum. The goats were housed individually in pens the nutrient intake was calculated from the proximate composition of the diets and the neem leaves as well as the feed intake records. In the last 2 weeks of the experiment, the goats were fitted with harnesses forfeacal collection, a seven-day adjustment period was allowed for the goats to get used to the harnesses, feacal collection lasted for 7 days, the collected feaces were prepared appropriately and then analyzed for their proximate composition, using the method of AOAC, (2000), and thereafter used to calculate the dry matter and nutrient digestibility. The experimental design was a completely randomized design; data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. The significant means were separated by Least Significant Difference using SAS 9.4, 2018 version statistical package. The concentrate and the neem leaves were analyzed for their proximate composition using the method of AOAC 2000. Values for nutrient intake were all not significantly (P>0.05) different except dry matter intake (46.18 – 51.45g/day/W 0.75).The digestibility values were not significantly (P<0.05) different except that of nitrogen free extracts (61.93 – 66. 79). Conclusively, fresh Neem leaves (T1) was the most preferred by the goats in terms of intake, it also had the best array of nutrients. The fresh neem leaves (T1) evaluated was recommended for feeding goats especially during the long dry season. Further research should be carried out using other species of ruminants such as sheep and cattle.","PeriodicalId":385877,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126239959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Human Brucellosis and Toxoplasmosis in Ghazni Province of Afghanistan","authors":"Sayed Sharif Abdali, A. Samadi","doi":"10.31559/vmph2022.3.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31559/vmph2022.3.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis and toxoplasmosis are considered neglected zoonotic diseases with a worldwide distribution, which are endemic in Afghanistan. A cross-sectional study was carried out from May 24, 2021, to Feb 20, 2022 to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with human brucellosis and toxoplasmosis in suspected patients admitted to the public and private laboratories of Ghazni province of Afghanistan. To detect Brucella IgM. a semi-quantitative agglutination test was used, while for the detection of Toxoplasma IgM and IgG, a chromatographic immunoassay was applied. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and toxoplasmosis were 32.1% (76/237) and 19.6% (18/92) in tested patients, respectively. Whereas, only in five cases dual infections were found. The majority of brucellosis positive cases were among the age group >45 years old (57.1%; p<0.05), in district residents (43.5%; p>0.05), and among those with abortion (30.6%; p<0.05) and history of positive brucellosis cases (50.0%; p<0.05) in their family members. High seropositive cases of toxoplasmosis were observed in males (50.0%; p>0.05), 21-45 years old people (20.8%; p>0.05), those who owned dogs and cats (p>0.05), among those with the history of abortion cases in their animals (41.7%; p<0.05), and positive toxoplasmosis cases in their family members (66.7.0%; p≤0.05). The odds of being seropositive for brucellosis was higher in those that had history of abortion (OR: 4.3; 95%CI: 1.3-4.2) and brucellosis cases (OR: 7.1; 95%CI: 1.7-28.9) among their family members. Furthermore, the odds of being seropositive for toxoplasmosis was 13.2 times more (95%CI: 2.1, 82.2; p<0.05) in those which had history of abortion cases in their animals. The high seroprevalence could be attributed to the study population being drawn from suspected cases rather than the general population. To assess the cross-connection of infections in human and animal populations, it would be more beneficial to study a large number of human and animal samples concurrently.","PeriodicalId":385877,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114888108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Livers and Milk of Camels in Saudi Arabia","authors":"F. Al-hizab, S. Barakat, Y. Hussein","doi":"10.31559/vmph2022.3.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31559/vmph2022.3.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present study was to detect and quantify aflatoxins in liver and milk of camels. HPLC method was used to detect different aflatoxins. Liver samples were collected from slaughterhouses and milk samples from breeder's sites in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Samples of camel livers and milk (250 samples of each) were collected and analyzed. About 26.4 and 16% of livers showed a contamination level in the range of 0.4-1 ng/g aflatoxin B1 and B2, respectively, but there were no detectable levels of G1, G2, M1 and M2. About 29.7% of milk samples had a range of aflatoxin M1 of 15-50 ng/l and 6% had a range of 50-100 ng/l. However, M2 was not detected in any milk sample. Based on regulatory limits, the present values of aflatoxin in livers and milk were within the internationally accepted limits (permissible limits of aflatoxins are 0.5 ppb for liver and liquid milk, according to the Saudi Organization for Standardization, Meteorology and Quality, (SASO).","PeriodicalId":385877,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122692541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary Schistosomiasis and its Associated Risk Factors Among Inhabitants of Internally Displaced Peoples’ (IDP) Camps in Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"H. I. Musa, A. Muhammad, A. O. Tijjani, A. Saidu, M. M. Gashua, M. Goje, Deborah Tosin Ojo, Muhammad Auwal Idris","doi":"10.31559/vmph2022.3.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31559/vmph2022.3.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma haematobium and is usually associated with lesions in the genito-urinary tracts of affected people. A cross-sectional study was designed to examine factors influencing the occurrence of the disease among inhabitants of the IDP camps located in Maiduguri between October 2016 and June 2019. Information on demography, major sources of water supply and water-contact behaviours were obtained using pre-validated structured questionnaire. Urine samples were collected and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using standard methods. A sample yielding at least one egg was considered positive while a sample that did not yield any was considered to be negative. The characteristics and disease risk factors were compared between respondents that tested positive and those that were negative for the infection using univariable statistical analysis and factors found to be significant were further analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. The results showed the overall prevalence of infection among the IDPs to be 21.9% (95% Confidence Interval, 95% CI= 19.54-24.42%). The multivariable logistic regression model showed that the statistically significant (p<0.05) predictors of infection including sex, occupation (c2 = 9.873, df=4, p=0.04), participation in water sporting activity and having washed/bathed in open water body before displacement, presence of signs of the disease in a tent/room member, knowledge of the disease and major source of water supply (c2 = 72.467, df=2, p<0.001) before the displacement. The relatively high prevalence of the disease in the study area may have negative effects on the reproduction and productivity of the IDPs. Based on the identified risk factors, behavioural changes, improved sanitation and safe water supply were recommended as control measures against urinary schistosomiasis in the study area.","PeriodicalId":385877,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133792381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of adulterants and preservatives in the Milk Sold in Rural areas of Omdurman, Sudan","authors":"Asged, A. A. Mohammed, I. El Zubeir","doi":"10.31559/vmph2021.2.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31559/vmph2021.2.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"In the present investigation, the chemical composition of milk was determined and the detection of the presence of some additives and preservatives in raw cow milk obtained from rural area of Omdurman city Sudan was done. The milk samples (n= 120) were obtained from rural areas of North and South Omdurman. Significantly, (P≤0.05) higher values for the chemical constituents of the examined raw milk samples were reported in the samples from South Omdurman compared to those from North Omdurman. In addition, the results showed that the added water was found in 16.7% of the examined milk samples. Also, formaldehyde was used as a preservative in 19.2% of the samples, while boric acid was used as preservative in 25% of the milk samples in South Omdurman. However, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide and starch were not detected. It was concluded that milk distributed in North and South Omdurman contains some adulterants. Hence control and monitoring programs should be directed towards the hygienic quality of milk during production and marketing.","PeriodicalId":385877,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126265075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional effects of single nucleotide polymorphism on canine cytochrome b 5 reductase - in silico","authors":"M. S. Ibrahim","doi":"10.31559/vmph2021.2.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31559/vmph2021.2.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphism in Canine cytochrome b5 reductase using computational methods. Data was obtained from database of National Centre for Biotechnology Information (db SNP) and computational software was used for the analysis. The 3D protein structure was predicted using phyre 2 server. PANTHER analysis predicted the effect of single nucleotide polymorphism (substitution of Isoleucine for Leucine at position 194) as damaging. Analysis using the Mutpred 2 web application also indicated deleterious effects of the amino acid substitution. Molecular mechanisms of structural changes in the amino acid were determined using Mutpred 2 to be altered ordered interface, gain of allosteric sites and altered metal binding. The study indicated that the substitution of Isoleucine by Leucine at position 194 of the amino acid sequence (Ile 194 Leu) resulted in the destabilization of the amino acid structure leading to functional deviation in canine cytochrome b5 reductase.","PeriodicalId":385877,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114651732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle slaughtered at the lugbe slaughter slab, federal capital territory (FCT), Abuja","authors":"Onyekanihu Amaka Lilian, A. O. Bukola, T. Sam, O. N. Maxwell, M. Rabiu","doi":"10.31559/vmph2020.1.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31559/vmph2020.1.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are known to be major constraint to cattle well-being and productive performance worldwide. Their prevalence in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), Abuja is not well studied. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of nematodes of cattle slaughtered at the Lugbe slaughter slab of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Between the months of November 2017 and March 2018, a total of two hundred (200) faecal samples were collected and analysed using direct and floatation methods. Of these, 66 (33%) were infected with gastrointestinal nematode parasites. Five (5) genera of nematodes were identified; Ascaris spp, 24 (36.4%); Strongyles spp, 20 (30.3%); Trichostrongylus spp, 10 (15.2%); Nematodirus spp, 8 (12.1%) and Trichuris spp, 4 (6.1%). Mixed infection of these parasites involved oocysts which accounted for 27 (13.5%) and was statistically significant (p<0.05). In relation to sex, prevalence in female (55%) were higher than male (28%), while adults had higher prevalence (36.4%) than in the young (29.9%). The prevalence rate of nematode parasite ova was higher in both female and young cattle than the male and adult cattle, respectively. There was no statistical difference (P>0.05) between the age of cattle and prevalence of nematode parasites. Statistical results showed no association (P>0.05) between the nematode parasite ova and the months which the cattle were slaughtered. However, there was an association (P<0.5) between the prevalence of nematode parasites and the sex of the cattle. Our findings revealed that there were GIN in the screened animals. Appropriate nematode parasites control measures using novel and sustainable approaches including sustainable integrated parasite management (sIPM) have been recommended.","PeriodicalId":385877,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129920710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}