Prometheus (Italy)最新文献

{"title":"Philosophy and the precautionary principle: science, evidence and environmental policy","authors":"S. Fuller","doi":"10.1080/08109028.2018.1518509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2018.1518509","url":null,"abstract":"might have on these companies. Their unique size and, inmany cases, global footprint make them both easier and harder to control than traditional websites, and their centrality to the online habits of users means that alignment efforts by states take place not just at the network level of the Internet, but also in their influence on the practices of individual online companies. Control by the Chinese government of local Chinese media, or the cluster of issues related to the influence of Facebook in different elections, are but two examples of this. These objections are not intended to diminish the book’s importance. In away, the very salience of issues at the level of the largest Internet companiesmakes it essential to prevent the critical lower layers of the Internet falling from the attention of activists, analysts, and policymakers. There are few things more useful when engaging with a problem than a proper understanding of what the problem is. By reducing fear of a fragmented Internet, and replacing it with a more analytically powerful account of different attempts to increase alignment, Mueller has made another substantial contribution to the discussion (and, hopefully, practice) of Internet governance.","PeriodicalId":38494,"journal":{"name":"Prometheus (Italy)","volume":"9 1","pages":"165 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79529872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing the transition to open access publishing: a psychological perspective","authors":"Dagmara Weckowska, Nadine Levin, S. Leonelli, J. Dupré, D. Castle","doi":"10.1080/08109028.2017.1408289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2017.1408289","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To manage the transition to the open access (OA) model of scholarly publishing, we need to understand better what enables, encourages and inhibits the adoption of OA publishing among scientists, and to appreciate individual differences within disciplines. The study adopts a psychological perspective to elucidate motivations, capabilities and opportunities for OA publishing among bioscientists in the UK. To identify differences within the discipline, bioscientists with starkly different past practices for disclosing research data and technologies were interviewed. The sampled bioscientists face similar obstacles and enablers in their physical environment, but that their motivations and experience of their social environments differ. One group is strongly motivated by their moral convictions and beliefs in benefits of OA and feels peer pressure related to OA. The other group expresses fewer pro-OA beliefs, holds beliefs demotivating OA publishing, but feels pressure from research funders to adopt it. The former group makes more frequent use of OA publishing, which suggests that only those with strong motivations will work to overcome the social and physical obstacles. The individual differences within the discipline suggest that bioscientists are unlikely to respond to OA policies in the same way and, thus, the appropriateness of one-size-fits-all OA policies is questioned.","PeriodicalId":38494,"journal":{"name":"Prometheus (Italy)","volume":"36 1","pages":"111 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81467401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cities in Global Capitalism","authors":"R. Searle","doi":"10.1080/08109028.2018.1503453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2018.1503453","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38494,"journal":{"name":"Prometheus (Italy)","volume":"41 1","pages":"161 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77383017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaks, whistleblowing and the public interest: the law of unauthorised disclosures","authors":"B. Martin","doi":"10.1080/08109028.2018.1424688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2018.1424688","url":null,"abstract":"In 1998, the UK’s Public Interest Disclosure Act became law. It has been praised by some as a model and criticised by others as inadequate. So what is the situation for UK whistleblowers, those emp...","PeriodicalId":38494,"journal":{"name":"Prometheus (Italy)","volume":"79 1","pages":"159 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83804092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Effectiveness of Support for UK Wave Energy Innovation since 2000. Lost at Sea or a New Wave of Innovation?","authors":"W. Kingston","doi":"10.1080/08109028.2018.1486534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2018.1486534","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This report, funded by UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the International Public Policy Institute, has the great merit of being a study of innovation failure, rather than success, and the number of useful lessons it contains is consequently all the greater. From a massive database, it estimates that, between 2000 and 2017, the UK provided close to half a billion pounds of public sector funding to encourage the private sector to try to capture offshore wave energy. Investment by firms must have been even more. There was nothing tangible to show for all this in the end, primarily because of inadequacies ‘in government and industrial strategy to support wave energy innovation in the UK, most notably a premature emphasis on commercialisation and a lack of knowledge exchange.’ Public funding only partially covered R&D costs, so that developers tried to reach the stage where their equipment could actually produce saleable energy, without enough testing for faults. This attempt to ‘go too far too quickly’ was compounded by government’s investing heavily in test facilities without providing support for developers to use them. Also, reliance on patent protection caused developers to avoid sharing their information. The public sector did learn some lessons. Wave Energy Scotland was established to carry on the work in a much more modest way, but able to offer 100% funding and to insist that research results were shared among developers. In addition, the European Community introduced the Marinet initiative to fund access by developers to test facilities.","PeriodicalId":38494,"journal":{"name":"Prometheus (Italy)","volume":"58 1","pages":"145 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80497600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Will the Internet fragment?: Sovereignty, globalization and cyberspace","authors":"Marcelo Rinesi","doi":"10.1080/08109028.2018.1505877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2018.1505877","url":null,"abstract":"economic activity, it has also aided the move of neoliberalism even deeper into the self and has reinforced the powers of the carceral state; that is, it has enabled another response to the financial crisis in the form of surveillance capitalism. By transforming data into wealth, surveillance capitalism moves neoliberalism into the individual herself. Not only are her most intimate interactions, those with her friends and family, her thoughts and bodily processes (such as sleep) monetized, but she is also urged to use these tools against herself and others in the arena of the market. She can obsessively track and manage her productivity, create and curate her public image. Yet, what she would find perhaps impossible is imagining a public space where such metrics have been rendered meaningless. Cities often use the militarized tools of surveillance capitalism against their own citizens: facial recognition, CCTV cameras, drones, and artificial intelligence. Such systems are now global, originating in one place, often the United States, and ported into far-off cities and cultures where their darker potential is more likely to be realized in the light of weaker institutions to preserve civil liberties. In the end, whether the citizens of the global city are likely to leverage technology to liberate themselves from capitalism’s logic and engender new political and economic forms, or such technology will instead be used to create a hardened and unmasked version of neoliberalism is not a question Rossi answers. Oneway forward, thoughnot fully developed inRossi’s analysis, is that the progressive left share its successful policy initiatives globally much as neoliberalism managed to spread and replicate itself. Policy innovation seems likely to originate not in the world’s dominant cities, but in struggling urban areas, in the global economy’s periphery, and amongmarginalized and oppressed groupswho nowbear the brunt of neoliberalism’s injustice.What this century ultimately looks like will depend on what those who live in its cities now, and in the near future, choose – or do not choose.","PeriodicalId":38494,"journal":{"name":"Prometheus (Italy)","volume":"35 1","pages":"163 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76654745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Athenaeus describes the most ancient intellectual property","authors":"M. Witty","doi":"10.1080/08109028.2018.1443619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2018.1443619","url":null,"abstract":"Inventors seek ownership of intellectual property (for example, in the form of modern patents) to protect their inventions against copying, and – for protection of their personal investment in innovation – so do entrepreneurs. Modern patents may be awarded to an inventor and confer on him a monopoly for a limited time, enforced by the state in exchange for disclosure of the invention (Fenning, 1929). This form of patent is different from earlier forms of protection of innovation; for example, in letters patent and monopolies awarded to royal favorites in England (May, 2002), rewarding political loyalty or transplanting existing intellectual property from one jurisdiction to another (Bugbee, 1967; Kingston, 2010). There is a distinction between invention of intellectual property (which is useful) and using a previously invented intellectual property to develop an industry, often in a new jurisdiction (which is valuable). Both have been separately rewarded by states in the past. The difference between them can be illustrated by the development of methods using steam for the processing and preservation of food, which culminated in modern bottling and canning, hugely important processes. Denis Papin (1647–c.1713) was a dedicated scientist, pupil and experimental collaborator of Robert Boyle (1627–1691), the physicist and founder of modern chemistry. Papin’s experiments with energy, gas expansion and contraction contributed to the development of ideas related to the steam engine. Papin also invented a process which, rather than contributing to pure physics, preserved food using steam and high pressure. He gave this invention to the world in the vulgar tongue of English, rather than the usual Latin (Papin, 1681), but it was largely ignored. In stark contrast, widespread success was achieved by a similar process invented by a shopkeeper, Nicolas Appert (1749–1841) (1812), unaware of Papin’s gift to the world. Instead of immediately publishing, Appert spent many years developing products in the organic development of his business, responding to customers and distributing samples widely, including to Napoleon’s ministers and a range of committees, professional societies, and admirals (Appert, 1812). It is the modern custom to recognize the inventor, in this case Papin, but neglect the one who made a process work. Interestingly, patents were not important to the early development of bottling and canning, Papin denying the whole idea (Papin, 1681) and Appert initially protected his process by secrecy (Appert, 1812). His successor in the House of Appert eventually partially protected its processes with minor patents for a steam gauge and pressure retort (Bitting, 1937).","PeriodicalId":38494,"journal":{"name":"Prometheus (Italy)","volume":"35 1","pages":"137 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85355539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence and knowledge management: questioning the tacit dimension","authors":"L. Sanzogni, G. Guzman, P. Busch","doi":"10.1080/08109028.2017.1364547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2017.1364547","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Knowledge management (KM) has matured to the point that many organisations either believe they have such practices in place or at least understand they are relevant to the knowledge work commonly undertaken in many industries. What is lacking from the literature, however, is a solid foundation for the philosophies underpinning KM and particularly for how tacit knowledge informs the KM space. Research over decades shows tacit knowledge underpins all other forms of knowledge, enabling the interpretation and judicious application of knowledge, leading (at its highest levels) to the concept of wisdom. As an academic discipline, artificial intelligence (AI) was established before KM, has been grounded in the computing discipline for many decades, and is applied broadly in many domains. This paper explores how AI can inform the KM debate. Rather than simply provide examples of AI success stories as applied to KM in practice, it explores the theoretical and practical limitations of AI and KM in unison, providing at the same time a strong epistemological understanding of both disciplines as a means of furthering the knowledge debate, with particular emphasis on the role of tacit knowledge within this jurisdiction.","PeriodicalId":38494,"journal":{"name":"Prometheus (Italy)","volume":"57 1","pages":"37 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84574378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The third sector of R&D: literature review, basic analysis, and research agenda","authors":"Olof Hallonsten","doi":"10.1080/08109028.2017.1362830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2017.1362830","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The third sector of national innovation systems comprises non-academic, publicly owned R&D organizations that complement universities and private-sector firms and are normally called ‘research institutes’. Scholarly attention to these organizations has been scarce, partly a consequence of the theoretical imbalance in favor of conceptualizations of innovation processes as requiring mainly universities, private-sector firms, and governmental authorities to occur and succeed. Similarly, while this third sector often makes up a significant share of national innovation systems, it receives less attention in national research and innovation policy than do, say, universities. This paper argues that the role(s) and function(s) of third sector research institutes deserve to be mapped and analyzed in greater detail in order to understand how various organizational actors interact to produce innovation. From a comprehensive literature review and basic analysis of three institute groups in three Nordic countries, the paper makes a first preliminary analysis of the topic. While this analysis yields some interesting conclusions, its main function is to point the way for future studies. In these, other actors in the system should be investigated in thorough empirical studies, armed with tools from classic sociological systems theory that enhance the conceptual strength of the innovation systems framework and enable the acknowledgement of the role(s) and function(s) of several important organizational actors, not least research institutes.","PeriodicalId":38494,"journal":{"name":"Prometheus (Italy)","volume":"67 1","pages":"21 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76070957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Typologies of knowledge: a reexamination from the perspective of cognitive materialism","authors":"Mariano Zukerfeld","doi":"10.1080/08109028.2017.1357259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2017.1357259","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this paper is to reexamine some typologies of knowledge as a means of framing the presentation of our own typology, which arises from a particular theoretical framework – cognitive materialism. In a somewhat arbitrary route through the economics of innovation, organizational and management studies, the typologies of Lundvall, Machlup, Mokyr, Spender, Blackler and Chartrand are reviewed and criticized. Then, picking up on some elements which arise from the previous analysis, the proposal of a cognitive materialist typology is introduced, based on distinguishing types of knowledge on the basis of the material medium or bearer in which they exist. A division into four types is suggested: knowledge with a biological, subjective, inter-subjective and objective bearer, each with its own respective sub-types.","PeriodicalId":38494,"journal":{"name":"Prometheus (Italy)","volume":"11 5 1","pages":"20 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80399339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}