{"title":"On Scientific Theories and Their Impact on Society","authors":"R. Bera","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3912391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3912391","url":null,"abstract":"We are experiencing the birth pangs of a new era in the lives of the Homos sapiens: how AI, robotics, and automation is changing industry dynamics, socio-economic fundamentals, and what it means to compete. The central lesson we derive in this paper is that a rapid rate of progress or too much connectivity comes at a price one may not always want to pay or even know how to manage.","PeriodicalId":384543,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Science & Technology (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130972128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Implementation of AI into Federal Agencies: Keeping an Eye on the Federal Workforce","authors":"Daylyn Gilbert","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3891943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3891943","url":null,"abstract":"In just over two decades technology has fundamentally changed our society and will continue to do so. The increased reliance on automation due to the COVID-19 pandemic has pushed the nation to the era of artificial intelligence. Between the signing of the National AI Initiative Act in 2020 and the tremendous amount of AI planning among countries around the world, it is time the United States takes the necessary actions to prepare for the implementation of AI into federal agencies.The United States government is currently far behind the private sector in AI funding, research and development, and implementation. If reforms are not implemented soon, the public sector will struggle to keep up with the rapid advancement of technology in years to come. Recent political discourse about AI has been slow and advising reports fail to address important factors in the implementation of AI such as logistics surrounding the federal workforce.People must be at the forefront of the federal agenda in order to create and maintain effective AI systems within the government. There must be changes made to contracting and hiring practices, worker incentives, and training programs. Decisions about AI implementation must account for worker diversity, ethics training, and inequality. As our country makes the transition towards the implementation of this powerful technology it is imperative that the federal workforce is prepared for the obstacles ahead and that AI is seen as an opportunity for the government to improve the lives of civilians and the functioning of bureaucracy.","PeriodicalId":384543,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Science & Technology (Topic)","volume":"94 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122699959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Agricultural R&D on Sectoral Economic Growth","authors":"L. Ouru, naftaly mose","doi":"10.9734/AJEBA/2021/V21I530379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEBA/2021/V21I530379","url":null,"abstract":"Public and private investment in agricultural research and development (R&D) creates preconditions for the implementation of more advanced and better technologies. It enables the introduction of new production processes and products which can result in higher earnings and potential sectoral economic growth in Agriculture. Despite the fact that accelerated agricultural research and development is a catalyst for the beginning of the long-run economic activity, its importance is not widely investigated at regional levels. The East Africa economies have defined strategies that view innovation as an essential element in stimulating growth and job creation. The goal of this study is to establish the role of agricultural R&D in fostering sectoral economic growth of East Africa states. The data used in this research were panel data of the East Africa Countries for the period from 2001 to 2015. The result showed that agricultural sector R&D is important factor in explaining sectoral economic growth in East Africa. Therefore, only innovation through increasing Agricultural R&D expenditure and strengthening institutions can sufficiently drive sustainable sectoral output growth and development in East Africa economies. Thus, East Africa nations need to strengthen and build their agricultural research and development capacity while aligning of policies and procedures of research organizations to achieve sustainable sectoral economic growth.","PeriodicalId":384543,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Science & Technology (Topic)","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125430354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruchir Agarwal, Ina Ganguli, P. Gaulé, Geoff Smith
{"title":"Why U.S. Immigration Matters for the Global Advancement of Science","authors":"Ruchir Agarwal, Ina Ganguli, P. Gaulé, Geoff Smith","doi":"10.5089/9781513570006.001.A001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513570006.001.A001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the impact of U.S. immigration barriers on global knowledge production. We present four key findings. First, among Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists, migrants to the U.S. play a central role in the global knowledge network—representing 20-33% of the frontier knowledge producers. Second, using novel survey data and hand-curated life-histories of International Math Olympiad (IMO) medalists, we show that migrants to the U.S. are up to six times more productive than migrants to other countries—even after accounting for talent during one’s teenage years. Third, financing costs are a key factor preventing foreign talent from migrating abroad to pursue their dream careers, particularly for talent from developing countries. Fourth, certain ‘push’ incentives that reduce immigration barriers—by addressing financing constraints for top foreign talent—could increase the global scientific output of future cohorts by 42 percent. We concludeby discussing policy options for the U.S. and the global scientific community.","PeriodicalId":384543,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Science & Technology (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125646855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Are ‘Flow of Ideas’ and ‘Research Productivity’ in secular decline?","authors":"P. Cauwels, D. Sornette","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3716939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3716939","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely held true that fundamental scientific knowledge has been accelerating exponentially over the past centuries and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Moreover, endogenous growth theory postulates that this exponential accumulation of knowledge is the main source of the ubiquitous exponential economic growth. We test these claims by constructing two new series of knowledge indices, one representing the historical evolution of the Flow of Ideas, the other of the Research Productivity, for the time period between 1750 and 1988. Three different geographical regions are covered: 1) Continental Europe, 2) the United Kingdom, and 3) the United States; and two disciplines: a) the physical sciences, and b) the life sciences. Our main result is that scientific knowledge has been in clear secular decline since the early 1970s for the Flow of Ideas and since the early 1950s for the Research Productivity. We also observe waves coinciding with the three industrial and technological revolutions, in particular in the United Kingdom. Overall, our results support the Kuhnian theory of knowledge creation through scientific revolutions, punctuation and paradigm shifts and falsify the gradualism that lies at the basis of the currently prevailing economic paradigm of endogenous growth.","PeriodicalId":384543,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Science & Technology (Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127905949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measuring Science as a Way to Indicate Its Importance","authors":"V. Terziev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3725778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3725778","url":null,"abstract":"Special emphasis is put on the differentiated effect on higher education institutions, depending on the field in which universities carry out teaching and research activities, as well as on the peculiarities of the university business model in the changing environment for development of the higher education institutions. The challenges of seeking answers to questions in terms of their usefulness, efficiency and effectiveness are related to a definite and accurate knowledge of these processes and their impact on the entire social process in which they take place, or, to be more precise, are part of it. The impact of science on our development is a process that itself does not need to be proven, because its results are obvious to all. Perceiving science as something abstract and incomprehensible would rather harm the process of its understanding and evaluating.","PeriodicalId":384543,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Science & Technology (Topic)","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122780974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Contribution of Chinese Diaspora Researchers to Global Science and China&Apos;S Catching Up in Scientific Research","authors":"Qingnan Xie, Richard B. Freeman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3603799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3603799","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the contribution of Chinese diaspora researchers – those born in China but working outside the country – to China's catching up in global science to become a world leader in research publications and citations. Using a novel name-based way to identify Chinese diaspora authors of scientific papers, we show that these researchers produce a large proportion of global scientific papers of high quality, gaining about twice as many citations as other papers of the same vintage. Our analysis also shows that diaspora researchers are a critical node in the co-authorship and citation networks that connect scientific discovery in China with the rest of the world. In co-authorship, diaspora researchers are over-represented on international collaborations with China-addressed authors. In citations, a paper with a diaspora author is more likely to cite China-addressed papers than a non-China addressed paper without a diaspora author; and, commensurately, China-addressed papers are more likely to cite a non-China addressed paper with a diaspora author than a non-China paper without a diaspora author. Through those pathways, diaspora research contributed to China’s 2000-2015 catch-up in science and to global science writ large, consistent with ethnic network models of knowledge transfer, and contrary to brain drain fears that the emigration of researchers harms the source country.<br><br>Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at <a href=\"http://www.nber.org/papers/w27169\" TARGET=\"_blank\">www.nber.org</a>.<br>","PeriodicalId":384543,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Science & Technology (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125605934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stagnation and Scientific Incentives","authors":"Jay Bhattacharya, Mikko Packalen","doi":"10.3386/w26752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26752","url":null,"abstract":"New ideas no longer fuel economic growth the way they once did. A popular explanation for stagnation is that good ideas are harder to find, rendering slowdown inevitable. We present a simple model of the lifecycle of scientific ideas that points to changes in scientist incentives as the cause of scientific stagnation. Over the last five decades, citations have become the dominant way to evaluate scientific contributions and scientists. This emphasis on citations in the measurement of scientific productivity shifted scientist rewards and behavior on the margin toward incremental science and away from exploratory projects that are more likely to fail, but which are the fuel for future breakthroughs. As attention given to new ideas decreased, science stagnated. We also explore ways to broaden how scientific productivity is measured and rewarded, involving both academic search engines such as Google Scholar measuring which contributions explore newer ideas and university administrators and funding agencies utilizing these new metrics in research evaluation. We demonstrate empirically that measures of novelty are correlated with but distinct from measures of scientific impact, which suggests that if also novelty metrics were utilized in scientist evaluation, scientists might pursue more innovative, riskier, projects.","PeriodicalId":384543,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Science & Technology (Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125338423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andres Fernando Zapata Ramirez, Carlos Alberto Rodriguez Romero
{"title":"Scientific Knowledge in Management and its Praxeology","authors":"Andres Fernando Zapata Ramirez, Carlos Alberto Rodriguez Romero","doi":"10.35609/JMMR.2019.4.2(4)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35609/JMMR.2019.4.2(4)","url":null,"abstract":"Objective – The praxeology recognized by some theorists as the relevance of the results of the research process for managerial and academic practice, is evidenced by others as absent. The purpose of this paper is to propose an evaluation of the results of the research process in management, particularly in the \"doctoral theses\" in management in Colombia over the last 9 years, from a reflexive approach as the epistemology of human sciences and critical performativity that allows us to answer the question: What is the level of knowledge praxeology generated in doctoral theses in management in Colombia?\u0000Methodology/Technique –The work proposes to start with an exploratory sequential approach to identify the categories of praxeological focus in the literature and theses. Then, a strategy of quantitative evaluation of the observable aspects in the theses is designed. Finally, the strategy is applied to the theses and the results are documented.\u0000Findings & Novelty – The current scope of this proposal is limited to the information that will be collected in the observation of doctoral theses. The results should be interpreted considering this restriction. This proposal presents an approach to interpret the praxeological focus from the functionalist explanation to the comprehensive in doctoral research in management where the traditional scheme has been positivism.\u0000Type of Paper: Review.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Epistemology; Praxeology; Evidence-based Management; Critical Performativity; Critical Management Studies.\u0000Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Ramirez, A. F. Z.; Romero, C. A. R. 2019. Scientific Knowledge in Management and its Praxeology, J. Mgt. Mkt. Review 4 (2): 126 – 132 https://doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2019.4.2(4)\u0000JEL Classification: M00, M10, M19.","PeriodicalId":384543,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Science & Technology (Topic)","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122555913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J.A. Restrepo-Morales, Osmar Leandro Loaiza, J. Vanegas
{"title":"Determinants of Innovation: A Multivariate Analysis in Colombian Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises","authors":"J.A. Restrepo-Morales, Osmar Leandro Loaiza, J. Vanegas","doi":"10.1108/JEFAS-09-2018-0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/JEFAS-09-2018-0095","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to study the influence of innovation on micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSME) performance in Colombia through the 403 MSMES survey analysis. In particular, this paper measures the effect of participation in R&D alliances, product innovation and process innovation on it.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000MSME performance is measured through a composite index, estimated through principal components analysis using polychoric correlations, which is based on eight self-reported assessments of MSME performance. Then, this measure of performance is related to MSME participation in R&D alliances and the product and process development stance of the MSME based on an adaptation of the Miles and Snow business classification scheme, by means of an ANOVA and a linear regression.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Colombian SMEs are not significantly benefitted from participation on R&D alliances. Instead, their performance appears to be dependent upon their internal innovation efforts directed to product development. Moreover, the results suggest that imitators get a performance almost as high as innovators.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Innovation activities in Colombian SMEs are carried out informally, as they are mostly uninterested to engage in R&D activities and to develop new products by own initiative. Moreover, few of them have an R&D department. In regard to technology, results suggest that almost half of SMEs are classified as followers, namely, they use the same technology as competitors.\u0000","PeriodicalId":384543,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Science & Technology (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122043290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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