Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences最新文献

{"title":"Mesure de la vulnérabilité des milieux urbains au Cameroun face au changement climatique","authors":"C.C. Fandjio Yonzoua, U.J.M. Pettang Nana, M.B. Manjiaa, C. Pettanga","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v17i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Les différentes catastrophes survenues en milieu urbain au Cameroun récemment, mettent en exergue les désormais dangers permanents qui pèsent sur les habitants. On note une augmentation des extrêmes :  de hautes températures, des perturbations des régimes pluvieux et la récurrence des vents violents. Certains de ces effets sont amplifiés par la géographie contraignante de plusieurs villes et par l’influence anthropique sur l’environnement. En effet, d’une part les sites de plusieurs villes camerounaises ont soit des reliefs accidentés qui favorisent l’érosion des terrains, soit des configurations planes qui limitent l’évacuation gravitaire de l’eau de ruissellement. D’autre part, la croissance urbaine rapide et la prolifération des bidonvilles qui couvrent près de 65 à 70% de la superficie urbaine, usent plus rapidement les ouvrages et infrastructures d’assainissement urbaines lorsqu’ils existent dus à l’imperméabilisation accélérée et continue du sol urbain ainsi qu’à la mauvaise gestion des déchets. L’urgence de trouver des solutions durables à ce phénomène est désormais sans équivoque. Elle nécessite un encadrement normatif inclusif plus performant que celui actuellement en vigueur, qui amène le pays vers la résilience. \u0000The disasters that’ve occurred recently in urban areas in Cameroon, highlight the permanent dangers weighing on the inhabitants. There is an increase in extremes climate parameters: high temperatures, rainfall disturbances and the recurrence of gales. Some of these effects are amplified by both the constraining relief of several cities and human influence on the environment. In fact, on the one hand, the sites of several Cameroonian cities either have rugged reliefs that promote land erosion, or flat configurations that limit the gravity discharge of runoff water. On the other hand, the rapid urban growth and the proliferation of slums which cover nearly 65 to 70% of the urban area, wear out more quickly the works and urban sanitation infrastructures when they exist due to the accelerated and continuous waterproofing soil in addition to the poor waste management. The urgency to find lasting solutions to this phenomenon is now unequivocal. It requires an inclusive normative framework that is more effective than that currently in force, which brings the country towards resilience.","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130434590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the analysis of nanocellulose treated water in Yola metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"L. Okoro, B. Agboola, P. O. Yakubu","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v17i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, cellulose from sugarcane bagasse and wood pulp were converted to nanocellulose and utilized to treat water from different sources within Yola Metropolis to study the efficacy of both methods. From the analysed water parameters, both nanocellulose materials were effective in treating contaminated water. They showed the capability of reducing the concentrations of the various tested parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Nitrate, Chloride, and Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). Interestingly, analysis of the heavy metal concentrations before and after water treatment with the nanocellulose, showed very significant reduction of the heavy metals. This is encouraging as we explore more efficient methods of water treatment, in order to tackle rising cases of lead and other heavy metal poisoning in Nigeria due to illegal mining activities and deregulated industrial activities. \u0000Dans cette recherche, la cellulose de la bagasse de canne à sucre et de la pulpe de bois a été converties en nanocellulose et utilisées pour l’épuration d’eau de différentes sources au sein de Yola Metropolis afin d’étudier l’efficacité des deux méthodes. D’après les paramètres d’eau analysés avec les deux types de nanocelluloses étaient efficaces dans le traitement de l’eau contaminée. Ils ont considérablement réduit les concentrations des différents contaminants testés tels que le TDS, le nitrate, le chlorure et le NTU. En effet, l’analyse de la concentration en métaux lourds avant et après le traitement de l’eau avec la nanocellulose a montré une réduction très significative des métaux lourds. C’est une bonne chose car nous explorons des méthodes plus efficaces de traitement de l’eau, pour lutter contre l’augmentation des cas d’empoisonnement au plomb et à d’autres métaux lourds au Nigeria en raison d’activités minières illégales et d’activités industrielles non réglementées.","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127120243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic characteristics and Gene Frequency of the Banyo Gudali zebu (Bos indicus) variety in the high Guinean Savannah zone of Cameroon","authors":"A. Nsangou, F. Meutchieye, T. K. Manchang, G. Bah","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v17i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study is aimed at evaluating the phenptypic and genetic diversity of local cattle breeds in Cameroon. To this end, biometric data were collected randomly in six (6) localities of the Mayo-Banyo Division, on a sample of 321 adult Banyo Gudali zebu cattle (234 cows and 87 bulls) aged between 6 and 16 years and having a body condition score varying from 2 to 4. Results reveal a variability of the coat color i.e., 19,00% white coat and its derivatives (speckled, stoat, grey, truiture); 9.99% black coat and its derivatives (black list and black piebald); 18.06% piebald (4.67% black piebald and 13.39 red piebald); 52.94% red and its derivatives (red piebald and red list). The single-colored coats are less represented (38.94%)compared to double-colored coats (61.06%). The frequency of alleles S+, D, ED, Aa, E+, s, A+, e and P are respectively 0.315; 0.201; 0.140; 0.267; 0.859; 0.685; 0.733; 0.386 and 1.000. There is a predominance of white-black horns (50.2%) over grey horns (42.4%). This population is characterized by long hairs, straight-edged ears oriented laterally and with humps occupying a cervico-thoracic position. The facial and back profiles are straight. The neck has a horizontal curved profile, the rump with a low set tail. Crescent shaped horns predominate (73,5%) followed by the horns in low lyre (15,9%) with the other shapes (stump, lateral pointed tip, crown and asymmetrical deformed right or left) being the least represented. The raised horns (92.5%) are predominant. Erect and moderate humps (86.6%) are dominant over drooping ones (13.4%).","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125053549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New approaches to vaccines for endemic and pandemic diseases of Africa with particular focus on building local competencies in Cameroon","authors":"V. Titanji","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v17i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccines have been recognized as major and effective tools for the control and eventual elimination of infectious diseases and cancer. This brief review examines vaccine classification and development pipeline as well as recent innovations driving the vaccine development process. Using COVID-19 as an example recent innovation in vaccine development are highlighted. The review ends with a call for intensified efforts to build vaccine production capacity in Cameroon and other other African  countries. \u0000Les vaccins ont été reconnus comme des outils majeurs et efficaces pour le contrôle et l’élimination éventuelle des maladies infectieuses et du cancer. Cette brève revue examine la classification et le pipeline de développement de vaccins ainsi que les innovations récentes à l’origine du processus de développement de vaccins. En utilisant COVID-19 comme exemple, les innovations récentes dans le développement de vaccins sont mises en évidence. La revue se termine par un appel à intensifier les efforts pour renforcer les capacités de production de vaccins au Cameroun et dans d’autres pays africains.","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"1574 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129146458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amenagement des produits forestiers ligneux et non ligneux dans la region de l’Est-Cameroun : Cas de la station polyvalente de recherche agricole d’Abong Mbang","authors":"E. Bayoi, Florent Menyene Etoundi, Elvis Mouyakan A. Moumbock, M. J. Y. Ngaba","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v17i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Les produits forestiers ligneux (PFL) et non ligneux (PFNL) jouent un rôle important pour le bien-être des populations au Cameroun. Malheureusement, elles font face à plusieurs menaces telle que l’exploitation commerciale de la ressource et l’exploitation anarchique de bois d’œuvre ; l’absence ou l’insuffisance de donnée scientifiques nécessaires pour les prises de décision d’aménagement. L’objectif de l’étude est d’identifier et d’évaluer la disponibilité des espèces végétales dans la forêt de la station polyvalente de recherche agricole d’Abong Mbang. Un inventaire d’aménagement a été effectué avec un taux de sondage de 5%. Il ressort de cette étude qu’il y une extrême diversité des PFL et PFNL dans la zone d’étude. Un total de 69 PFL (bois d’œuvre) et 18 PFNL sont utilisées dans la localité pour l’alimentation, la santé ou l’ornement. Les fruits et les feuilles sont généralement utilisés pour la consommation alors que les écorces sont à usage médicinale. Les connaissances ancestrales des populations locales sur cette ressource est approfondie et contribue à leur bien-être ont une des PFNL. \u0000  \u0000Timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) play an important role for the well-being of the populations in Cameroon.  Unfortunately, they face several threats such as the commercial exploitation of the resource and the uncontrolled exploitation of timber; the lack or insufficiency of scientific data necessary for management decisions. The objective of the study is to identify and evaluate the availability of plant species in the forest of the Abong-Mbang Agricultural Research Station. A  management inventory was conducted with a sampling rate of 5%. The study revealed that there is an extreme diversity of LFAs and NTFPs in the study area. A total of 69 LFWPs (timber) and 18 NTFPs are used in the locality for food, health or ornamental purposes. Fruits and leaves are generally used for consumption while barks are used for medicinal purposes. The ancestral knowledge of local populations on this resource is deep and contributes to their well-being have a NTFP. \u0000","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114852259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Temperature, Sunlight and Time on the Quality of Drinking Water Stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottle in Yola Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"L. Okoro, I. Onuigbo, B. Agboola","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v17i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examined how sunlight radiation, temperature and time in Yola climate can affect the physicochemical properties of drinking water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle in Yola Metropolis Nigeria. Conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, Cl-, and NO3 - were analyzed using standard methods for 42 days. Solvent extraction and GC-MS analysis were conducted periodically to monitor the appearance and identity of any migrant organic compounds. Sunlight exposure had the highest impact wherein conductivity, TDS, and COD trended upwards while pH decreased over time. However, Cl- and NO3- stayed constant. The GC-MS results showed the highest concentration of organic compounds in the sunlight exposed samples showing the molecular ion peak of benzene. Conversely, the negative control samples, stored in a cool dry place, showed no signs of leachates.","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129391210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amélioration génétique bovine par voie de croisement et de sélection en Afrique Tropicale : Expériences du Cameroun","authors":"A. Nsangou, D. A. Mbah, C. L. Tawah, T. Manchang, G. Bah, Y. Manjeli, C. Njehoya, Y. Mfopit, C. Nguetoum","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v17i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Ce travail passe en revue les résultats des travaux de recherches sur l’amélioration génétique des zébus locaux (Goudali, White et Red Fulani) par voie de sélection et de croisement avec les races exotiques (Holstein, Montbéliarde, Brahman américain, Jersiais, Tarentaise, Limousine et Charolaise). Ces travaux ont été conduits depuis 1952 dans les Centres de Recherches  Zootechniques de Wakwa et Bambui par l’Institut de Recherches Zootechniques (IRZ, aujourd’hui connue sous le nom de l’Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement) du Cameroun, en système d’élevage semi-intensif dans les zones des hautes savanes guinéennes et des hauts plateaux de l’Ouest Cameroun. Les données proviennent des rapports d’activité et de consultations, des publications scientifiques et des entrevues. L’objectif est de ressortir les résultats saillants utiles pour les décideurs politiques, les chercheurs et les éleveurs. Les principaux résultats montrent que le potentiel laitier des croisés est généralement supérieur (>4 litres) à celui des races locales (>3,5 litres). Les génotypes ayant moins de 75% de sang exotique sont les plus performants en lait et viande. Les causes de mortalité par ordre d’importance sont nutritionnelles (36,8%),  accidentelles (29,6%), pathologiques (21,1%), parasitaires (7,7%) et reproductives (4,8%). Par rapport aux autres produits de croisement, les croisés Holsteins ont été plus lourds à la naissance (34,75 kg) avec une vitesse de croissance plus élevée (0,46 kg), une production laitière plus élevée (5,47 ± 0,17 litres), plus précoces (40,87 mois) et moins susceptibles au stress   Nuenvironnemental. Pour la filière bovin-à-viande, les performances de viande de la race synthétique Wakwa sont légèrement supérieures à celles des zébus Goudali sélectionnés dans le cheptel local. Cependant, le taux de susceptibilité à la  dermatophilose est estimé à 71,0%, 34,4% et 5,0% chez le pur, ½ et ¼ sang Brahman, respectivement. La sélection massale du zébu Goudali (variété Ngaoundéré) et la race synthétique Wakwa a permis d’obtenir des progrès génétiques significatifs, soient, respectivement, 8,60 kg et 20,40 kg. Cependant, les corrélations génétiques négatives entre les effets directs et maternels montrent que le progrès génétique serait davantage plus important si la sélection était concentrée sur les performances  directes et maternelles. Les expériences d’insémination artificielle menées à la SODEPA et à « Tadu Dairy Cooperative Society»montrent que l’industrie laitière est une entreprise rentable avec un rapport bénéfice-coût de 4,21. \u0000This work reviews the results of research on the genetic improvement of local zebus (Gudali, White and Red Fulani) through selection and crossbreeding with exotic cattle breeds (Holstein, Montbeliard, American Brahman, Jersey, Tarentaise, Limousine and Charolais). This work was started since 1952 by Institute of Animal Research (IRZ, now known as the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development) at the ","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128309896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of patients’ care after COVID-19 positive test","authors":"F. Yadang, G. Agbor","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v17i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract.","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122549602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability of Soil Properties under Continuous Irrigation Farming in Nigerian Savanna","authors":"S. Yakubu, I. A. Jaiyeoba, M. Gasu, D. A. Yakubu","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v17i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined variability of soil properties under continuous cultivation in the Nigerian Savanna. Bulked soil samples were collected from eight irrigated farm plots and one uncultivated field during both wet season (WS) and dry season (DS) respectively. The samples were analyzed for Sand, silt, clay, bulk density, porosity, moisture content, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), exchangeable acidity (H+Al), exchangeable cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and base saturation which are the key soil fertility parameters. Percentage equivalence value of soil property was computed by expressing the mean value of each soil property in WS as a percentage of the mean value of the same property over the DS. From the results, the soil textural grades remained loamy in both seasons. The mean values obtained at topsoil during WS and DS are: sand (50.38 & 51.38%), silt (39.63 & 38.63%), clay (10% each), bulk density (1.38 & 1.42), porosity (47.75 & 64.04%), moisture content (0.26 & 0.19cm3 ), pH (5.7 & 6.03), organic matter (1.62 & 0.62%), total N (0.12 & 0.08%), available phosphorus (58.36 & 48.25mgkg-1), cations [Ca (7.76 & 6.17cmol/ kg-1), Mg (1.48 & 1.15cmol/kg-1), K (0.36 & 0.21cmol/kg-1), and Na (0.61 & 0.25cmol/kg-1)], H+Al (0.59 & 0.50cmol/kg-1), ECEC (10.63 & 8.26cmol/kg-1) and base saturation (93 & 92%). These results suggest that land use has both direct and indirect effects on the variability of soil properties.","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125409251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subtitling as a Vector for the Promotion of Bilingualism and Patriotism","authors":"Lum Suzanne Ayonghe, Godson Enowmbi Besong","doi":"10.4314/JCAS.V16I3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JCAS.V16I3.6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is aimed at showing that subtitling can be used to foster bilingualism and patriotism in Cameroon. The objectives are to investigate how deeply rooted the practice of audiovisual translation is in local media outlets, focusing on how it can help in promoting bilingualism; promote the use of subtitling in the Cameroonian audiovisual media landscape; and assess the pivotal role of the audiovisual translator in this sector. A sample of 151 persons was used. Questionnaires were administered to respondents and stakeholders were interviewed in two media houses: Hi TV and CRTV. Hi TV is based in an English-speaking region, and CRTV is a State-owned media house and believed to have the widest audience in the country. Findings revealed that subtitling does not only provide TV viewers with information in their second official language, but also enables them to improve on their reading and writing skills, as well as their bilingualism, among others. Subtitling is not advanced in media houses in Cameroon. Recommendations were made to improve on the practice of subtitling in media houses in Cameroon. These include increasing the level of subtitled programmes broadcast on TV stations, raising awareness on the importance of media information access by the hearing impaired; creating an audiovisual translation unit in each TV broadcasting house and recruiting audiovisual translators; voting of laws to make the subtitling of some, if not, all TV programmes broadcast by Cameroonian TV channels mandatory; educating the public on the importance of subtitling by gradually introducing them to viewers through TV programmes, so that their eyes and mind could progressively get used to watching subtitled material and thus avoid total rejection of the subtitles; and training more audiovisual translators in Cameroon.","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121584984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}