The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East最新文献

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0010

Ingo Schrakamp

{"title":"The Kingdom of Akkad","authors":"Ingo Schrakamp","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the foundations and inner structure of the kingdom of Akkad. Based mainly on royal inscriptions and archival records, it argues that this state constitutes a decisive phase in Mesopotamian history and discusses a series of political, ideological, socioeconomic, and administrative transformations that it brought about: the implementation of the concept of the territorial state, borne by an autocratic and conquering kingship with absolute claim to power; an administrative centralization directed toward the capital; the introduction of Akkadian as an official language of administration; and the spread of private landownership, concentrated in the hands of the king and administered through large agricultural estates established throughout the state through purchase and confiscation. These transformations were implemented by means of the standing army, whose upkeep was supported by the agricultural land in the hands of the king. Allocations of royally owned land to other parties established a far-flung network of patronage, which included not only members of the royal family, court, administration, and army but also members of the local elites, thus strengthening the king’s power base. The chapter also discusses how the transformations brought about by the kingdom of Akkad were ambiguously reflected in later tradition, which also made this state a model to be emulated by later rulers.","PeriodicalId":383668,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127277080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Egypt’s Old Kingdom 古埃及王国

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0008

R. Bussmann

{"title":"Egypt’s Old Kingdom","authors":"R. Bussmann","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the diachronic development of and exchanges between central and local milieus in third millennium BC Egypt. The community at court witnessed a gradual rapprochement between kings and high-ranking officials during the Old Kingdom, beginning in the Fifth Dynasty. Increasing explication of kingship in visual discourse hints at conflicting views on the position of the king. Burial arrangements differed widely across provincial Egypt and at court, revealing a high degree of social diversity. Funerary culture revolved around the establishment of social relationships and social memory, whereas ideas about life in the netherworld were rarely expressed. The majority of preserved settlements in the Old Kingdom were planned by the state. Urbanism was weakly developed compared to other early complex states. The spiritual center of provincial towns was community shrines. Their material culture exhibits a mixture of central and local features, typical of “little traditions.” The shrines served as power bases for courtiers, sent out in the late Old Kingdom by the government to establish royal power permanently in the hinterland. The history of shrines and local elites differed across the country. In the long run, local temples emerged as the economic and ideological interface between provincial communities and the crown. Temples and towns coevolved toward the New Kingdom, at which time Egyptian society had a more urban outlook.","PeriodicalId":383668,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115646115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Early Dynastic Egypt 早期的埃及王朝

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0005

Laurel D. Bestock

引用次数: 0

Prehistoric Western Asia 史前西亚

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0002

P. Akkermans

引用次数: 0

Introducing the Oxford History of the Ancient Near East 介绍牛津古代近东历史

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0001

K. Radner, N. Moeller, D. Potts

引用次数: 1

The Uruk Phenomenon 乌鲁克现象

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004

Gebhard J. Selz

{"title":"The Uruk Phenomenon","authors":"Gebhard J. Selz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The city of Uruk in southern Iraq was the main force for urbanization and state formation in Mesopotamia during the Uruk period (ca. 3800–3300 BC), which takes its name from this “first city.” This chapter discusses this formative period for the social, political, and cultural history of Mesopotamia and beyond, as well as the ensuing transitional period (Uruk III/Jemdet Nasr period; ca. 3300–3000 BC). The focus lies on the key elements of Uruk culture and its spread across Western Asia, including Syria, Anatolia, and Iran; the invention of cuneiform writing; and aspects of social, religious, and political organization of this emergent state. Contextualized in climatic, demographic, and geographic observations, the chapter evaluates key cultural features, stressing the role of population growth intertwined with technological, agricultural, and administrative improvements. These cultural features’ dissemination along trade routes to the Levant, Anatolia, and Iran is linked to the establishment of strongholds that secured the exchange of goods, with the south of Mesopotamia serving as the commercial hub. While the available sources—both textual and iconographic—provide no unequivocal evidence for the alleged monocratic governance of Uruk-period society, the identifiable political structures were strongly intertwined with religious functions, indicating great societal complexity. The alleged collapse of the Uruk culture was predominantly the breakdown of the Uruk (trade) network. Culturally, however, many features of the Uruk phenomenon provided the founding charter for Mesopotamian social structures in subsequent periods.","PeriodicalId":383668,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123716970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Early Dynastic Near East 早期的近东王朝

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0009

Vitali Bartash

引用次数: 0

The Kingdom of Akkad in Contact with the World 阿卡德王国与世界的联系

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0011

P. Michałowski

{"title":"The Kingdom of Akkad in Contact with the World","authors":"P. Michałowski","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is dedicated to the external relationships of the Sargonic (Old Akkadian) polity, often described as the world’s first empire, and focuses primarily on military and diplomatic matters. The kings of this dynasty reigned over all of southern and northern Babylonia as well as patchworks of outposts, trade routes, and territory in neighboring Iran and Syria for approximately two and a half centuries, although their reach varied over time. The martial exploits of its rulers were remembered by later generations of Mesopotamian scribes and poets, who fictionalized them for their own purposes. This chapter eschews such information, focusing exclusively on the critical evaluation of contemporary sources. The Akkad polity was the first successful state of such a large size in Western Asia, with armies and organizational structures that were developed for maintaining strong, centralized control over its peripheries and the unruly central provinces, which were prone to revolt. Its armies were engaged in constant warfare, putting down native rebellions and venturing far and wide in search of booty and access to metals and stone, but often also engaged in defensive actions in Iran, contending with the expansive activities of the powerful state of Marhaši to the east.","PeriodicalId":383668,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134582383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Egypt’s Old Kingdom 古埃及王国

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0006

Miroslav Bárta

引用次数: 0

Egypt’s Old Kingdom in Contact with the World 埃及古王国与世界的联系

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0007

Pierre Tallet

引用次数: 2