The AukPub Date : 2020-04-16DOI: 10.1093/auk/ukaa016
Tyler S Imfeld, F. Barker, R. T. Brumfield
{"title":"Mitochondrial genomes and thousands of ultraconserved elements resolve the taxonomy and historical biogeography of the Euphonia and Chlorophonia finches (Passeriformes: Fringillidae)","authors":"Tyler S Imfeld, F. Barker, R. T. Brumfield","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa016","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Relationships of the Neotropical finches in the genera Euphonia and Chlorophonia (Fringillidae: Euphoniinae) have been clarified by recent molecular studies, but species-level relationships within this group have not been thoroughly addressed. In this study, we sampled specimens representing every recognized species of these genera, in addition to 2 outgroup taxa, and used target enrichment to sequence thousands of ultraconserved element (UCE) loci, as well as mitochondrial DNA reconstructed from off-target reads, from each specimen to infer these relationships. We constructed both concatenation and coalescent-based estimates of phylogeny from this dataset using matrices of varying levels of completeness, and we generated a time-scaled ultrametric tree using a recently published fossil-based external calibration. We found uniformly strong support for a monophyletic subfamily Euphoniinae and genus Chlorophonia, but a paraphyletic Euphonia across UCEs and mitochondrial genomes. Otherwise, our inferred relationships were largely concordant with previous studies. Our time-tree indicated a stem divergence time of 13.8 million years ago for this lineage, followed by a relatively young crown age of only 7.1 myr. Reconstructions of biogeographic history based on this tree suggest a South American origin for crown Euphoniinae, possibly resulting from a transoceanic dispersal event from the Eastern Hemisphere, followed by 2 dispersal events into the Caribbean and as many as 6 invasions of North America coinciding with recent estimates of the age at which the Isthmus of Panama had completely formed. We recommend splitting Euphonia and resurrecting the genus Cyanophonia for the 3 blue-hooded species more closely related to Chlorophonia. Based on our results, we suspect that there is undescribed species-level diversity in at least one, possibly many, widespread and phenotypically diverse species.","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127916900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The AukPub Date : 2020-04-07DOI: 10.1093/auk/ukaa020
D. Swanson
{"title":"Fires of Life: Endothermy in Birds and Mammals","authors":"D. Swanson","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa020","url":null,"abstract":"This book tackles one of the most important and debated innovations in the evolution of life, the evolution of endothermy in mammal and bird lineages. Barry Lovegrove presents a lucid critique of current models of the evolution of endothermy, particularly single-cause models, and presents a novel “triphasic” model for which endothermy evolves in pulses throughout the history of mammals and birds in response to several selective factors. The ideas presented within this book will surely generate discussions and help advance the field. I will confess that my major professor during my Ph.D. program was John Ruben, coauthor of “Endothermy and activity in vertebrates” (Bennett and Ruben 1979), an early and influential presentation of the aerobic capacity model for the evolution of endothermy, so I am vested in the logic behind that argument. Consequently, I naturally approached this book with aerobic capacity model preconceptions and a critical eye. The book is divided into 2 parts: the first 9 chapters collectively focus on fossils and paleoclimates relevant to the evolution of endothermy, and the second 9 focus on patterns of thermoregulation in extant birds and mammals and their evolutionary implications. Three appendices provide descriptions of heat-generating pathways available to vertebrates, discussions of nasal evaporative cooling, water balance and energetics, and a vertebrate phylogeny including aforementioned fossil and extant organisms. Lovegrove defines endothermy as “the capacity to produce heat on demand from within an animal” (p. 6), and argues that basal metabolic rate (i.e. minimum existence metabolic rate) is primarily generated from metabolic activity in central organs (e.g., heart, kidney, liver, intestines) rather than muscles. Considering basal and exercise or thermogenic metabolic rates as processes controlled primarily by central and exercise organs, respectively, is a useful generalization. It is, however, not strictly correct, perhaps especially for birds whose large flight muscle masses require resting maintenance costs that often contribute significantly to basal metabolic rate (e.g., Chappell et al. 1999). Nevertheless, the idea that basal and maximal metabolic rates may not be tightly coupled phenotypically, at least in extant vertebrates (e.g., Petit et al. 2013, Swanson et al. 2017), as predicted by the aerobic capacity model, provides fodder for other evolutionary scenarios. Chapter 2 reviews terrestrial adaptations in early tetrapods that facilitated the evolution of endothermy, including the amniotic egg and adaptations to reduce water loss, to allow for terrestrial locomotion, and to digest land applyparastyle \"fig//caption/p[1]\" parastyle \"FigCapt\"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120977396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The AukPub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1093/auk/ukaa012
C. Remacha, César Rodríguez, J. de la Puente, J. Pérez‐Tris
{"title":"Climate change and maladaptive wing shortening in a long-distance migratory bird","authors":"C. Remacha, César Rodríguez, J. de la Puente, J. Pérez‐Tris","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa012","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Contemporary phenotypic trends associated with global change are widely documented, but whether such trends always denote trait optimization under changed conditions remains obscure. Natural selection has shaped the wings of long-distance migratory birds to minimize the costs of transport, and new optimal wing shapes could be promoted by migration patterns altered due to global change. Alternatively, wing shape could vary as a correlated response to selection on other traits favored in a changing environment, eventually moving away from the optimal shape for migration and increasing transport costs. Data from 20 yr of monitoring 2 Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) populations breeding in central Spain, where environmental conditions for breeding have deteriorated during recent decades due to increased summer drought, show that birds have reduced wing length relative to body size over the period 1995–2014. However, long-winged nightingales survived their first round-trip migration better, and the shorter the average wing length of individuals, the stronger the survival-associated natural selection favoring longer wings. Maladaptive short wings may have arisen because the mortality costs of migration are outweighed by reproductive benefits accrued by short-winged nightingales in these populations. Assuming that the phenotypic integration of morphological and reproductive adaptations of migratory birds has a genetic basis, we hypothesize that the maladaptive trend towards shorter wings may be a correlated response to selection for moderate breeding investment in drying habitat. Our results provide evidence that contemporary phenotypic change may deviate average trait values from their optima, thereby increasing our understanding of the ecological constraints underpinning adaptation to rapid global change.","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130434843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The AukPub Date : 2020-03-28DOI: 10.1093/auk/ukaa014
Brian J. Naylor, K. Szuba
{"title":"James Francis Bendell, 1926–2020","authors":"Brian J. Naylor, K. Szuba","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125714618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The AukPub Date : 2020-03-28DOI: 10.1093/auk/ukaa015
Wiliam Ku-Peralta, Adolfo G. Navarro‐Sigüenza, L. Sandoval, J. Sosa-López
{"title":"Geographic variation in the duets of the Rufous-naped Wren (Campylorhynchus rufinucha) complex","authors":"Wiliam Ku-Peralta, Adolfo G. Navarro‐Sigüenza, L. Sandoval, J. Sosa-López","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa015","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Acoustic signals used in animal communication play a key role in mate attraction, species recognition, and territory defense. Variation in acoustic signals may reflect population structure, lack of gene flow, and phylogenetic relationships. In birds, the study of geographic variation in acoustic signals has been useful for elucidating potential factors involved in phenotypic divergence and for establishing species limits. However, most of the studies on geographic variation have focused on calls and solo songs, with few studies focusing on complex behaviors such as duets. In this study, we investigated the variation in the duets of the Rufous-naped Wren (Campylorhynchus rufinucha). Our results suggest that duets vary across the distribution range of the species complex, matching the 3 taxonomic groups previously suggested (rufinucha, humilis, and capistratus). We also found a marked song sexual dimorphism in 2 groups, rufinucha and humilis, that is lacking in capistratus. At the local level, we found that duets also vary among sites within groups, but less than between groups. Our results suggest that groups rufinucha and humilis sing the most similar duets, whereas capistratus performs the most divergent duets of the 3 groups. Further, when comparing duet variation across geography, we found that birds living closer to each other sing more similar duets. We suggest that the existence of 3 vocal lineages is probably the result of historical geographic isolation followed by other selective (i.e. sexual selection, social selection, habitat structure) and/or non-selective factors (i.e. drift, isolation by distance), and that variation found within groups may be the result of cultural drift or social selection.","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132408941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The AukPub Date : 2020-03-27DOI: 10.1093/auk/ukz074
F. Sheldon
{"title":"Anthony Hemingway Bledsoe, 1956–2019","authors":"F. Sheldon","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukz074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukz074","url":null,"abstract":"Anthony Hemingway “Tony” Bledsoe died at the age of 62 on September 14, 2019. Tony was an outstanding ornithologist, life-long birdwatcher, and most of all an inspirational teacher of ecology and evolution. He was an Elective Member (1990) of the American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU), Director of the Ornithological Societies of North America (1998–2000), Assistant to the AOU Treasurer (1996–2000), a key organizer of the AOU’s annual meeting in Pittsburgh (1989), and a founding member of the Connecticut Ornithological Association (1983). Tony was born to Carter and Phyllis Bledsoe in Washington, D.C., on October 10, 1956, but grew up on the Main Line of Philadelphia, graduating from Lower Merion High School. As a young natural history enthusiast, he volunteered to work in the collections at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where he was inspired to “think clearly” about evolutionary issues by Frank Gill and herpetologist Tom Uzzell. Following high school, Tony attended the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he honed his birdwatching and natural history skills. In 1978, he started his PhD studies in the laboratory of Charles Sibley at Yale University. At the time molecular systematics was a small field, and studies using DNA were rare. With huge intellectual curiosity and boyish naiveté, Tony jumped into the program and soon became an expert in all aspects of phylogenetics. At the time, cladistic morphology was in its full glory, and antipathy toward Sibley’s DNA hybridization, which was viewed (inaccurately) as phenetic and thus hopelessly flawed, led to epic philosophical battles. Tony threw his substantial intellectual powers into those battles and helped guide the Sibley school through much of the fray. Tony’s graduate studies were focused on the adaptive radiation of 9-primaried oscines. It seems quaint today, but he spent many years obtaining DNA-hybridization comparisons of just 27 bird species. Nevertheless, literally everything he discovered about the relationships of those birds (e.g., the radical observation that South American “emberizids” clustered with tanagers rather than sparrows) has endured the test of time and been confirmed by modern DNA sequencing studies. In the process of his PhD studies, Tony became an expert in what we now call genomics. DNA hybridization compared large segments of bird DNA (the “single-copy” genome) and required a substantial understanding of genomic structure and data analysis. In 1984, Tony finished his PhD and began a series of postdocs, first as a Guyer Fellow at the University of Wisconsin (1985–1986), then as a Rea Fellow at the Carnegie","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134138702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The AukPub Date : 2020-03-21DOI: 10.1093/auk/ukz077
C. Cadena, Andrés M. Cuervo, Laura N. Céspedes, Gustavo A. Bravo, N. Krabbe, T. Schulenberg, G. Derryberry, L. F. Silveira, E. Derryberry, R. T. Brumfield, J. Fjeldså
{"title":"Systematics, biogeography, and diversification of Scytalopus tapaculos (Rhinocryptidae), an enigmatic radiation of Neotropical montane birds","authors":"C. Cadena, Andrés M. Cuervo, Laura N. Céspedes, Gustavo A. Bravo, N. Krabbe, T. Schulenberg, G. Derryberry, L. F. Silveira, E. Derryberry, R. T. Brumfield, J. Fjeldså","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukz077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukz077","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We studied the phylogeny, biogeography, and diversification of suboscine passerines in the genus Scytalopus (Rhinocryptidae), a widespread, species-rich, and taxonomically challenging group of Neotropical birds. We analyzed nuclear (exons, regions flanking ultraconserved elements) and mitochondrial (ND2) DNA sequence data for a taxonomically and geographically comprehensive sample of specimens collected from Costa Rica to Patagonia and Brazil. We found that Scytalopus is a monophyletic group sister to Eugralla and consists of 3 main clades roughly distributed in (1) the Southern Andes, (2) eastern Brazil, and (3) the Tropical Andes and Central America. The clades from the Southern Andes and eastern Brazil are sister to each other. Despite their confusing uniformity in plumage coloration, body shape, and overall appearance, rates of species accumulation through time in Scytalopus since the origin of the clade in the Late Miocene are unusually high compared with those of other birds, suggesting rapid non-adaptive diversification in the group. We attribute this to their limited dispersal abilities making them speciation-prone and their occurrence in a complex landscape with numerous barriers promoting allopatric differentiation. Divergence times among species and downturns in species accumulation rates in recent times suggest that most speciation events in Scytalopus predate climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene. Our analyses identified various cases of strong genetic structure within species and lack of monophyly of taxa, flagging populations which likely merit additional study to clarify their taxonomic status. In particular, detailed analyses of species limits are due in S. parvirostris, S. latrans, S. speluncae, the S. atratus complex, and the Southern Andes clade.","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121101726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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