信息与控制Pub Date : 1984-10-01DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80042-X
J.M. Robson
{"title":"Fast probabilistic RAM simulation of single tape turing machine computations","authors":"J.M. Robson","doi":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80042-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80042-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A computation of a single tape Turing machine can be simulated by a probabilistic random access machine under the logarithmic cost criterion with a better than linear speedup. This implies that there are languages of any degree of complexity on single tape Turing machines but recognised much faster by probabilistic or non-deterministic random access machines. The critical fact allowing the speed up is that the outcome of most occasions when the Turing machine head enters a block of tape can be determined, without accessing the symbols in the block, provided a small bit pattern is available which contains information on all possible such outcomes. A more complicated version of the simulation gives a similar average running time but also guarantees that the probability of exceeding this average by more than a constant factor tends to zero as the Turing machine's execution time increases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38164,"journal":{"name":"信息与控制","volume":"63 1","pages":"Pages 67-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80042-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80025293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
信息与控制Pub Date : 1984-10-01DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80044-3
H.C.M. Kleijn , M. Penttonen , G. Rozenberg , K. Salomaa
{"title":"Direction independent context-sensitive grammars","authors":"H.C.M. Kleijn , M. Penttonen , G. Rozenberg , K. Salomaa","doi":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80044-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80044-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A direction independent variant of the standard normal form for context-sensitive grammars is given: the context-free productions are of the form <em>A</em> → <em>a</em> or <em>A</em> → <em>BC</em> and the context-sensitive productions are of the form <em>AB</em> → <em>AC</em> or <em>BA</em> → <em>CA</em>, where <em>AB</em> → <em>AC</em> is a production if and only if <em>BA</em> → <em>CA</em> is a production. The equivalence of these grammars with the context-sensitive grammars is proved.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38164,"journal":{"name":"信息与控制","volume":"63 1","pages":"Pages 113-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80044-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78834323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
信息与控制Pub Date : 1984-08-01DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80033-9
Jennifer Lundelius, Nancy Lynch
{"title":"An upper and lower bound for clock synchronization","authors":"Jennifer Lundelius, Nancy Lynch","doi":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80033-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80033-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The problem of synchronizing clocks of processes in a fully connected network is considered. It is proved that, even if the clocks all run at the same rate as real time and there are no failures, an uncertainty of ε in the message delivery time makes it impossible to synchronize the clocks of <em>n</em> processes any more closely than ε(1−1/<em>n</em>). A simple algorithm is given that achieves this bound.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38164,"journal":{"name":"信息与控制","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 190-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80033-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83480045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
信息与控制Pub Date : 1984-08-01DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80036-4
{"title":"Author index for volume 62","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80036-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80036-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38164,"journal":{"name":"信息与控制","volume":"62 2","pages":"Page 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80036-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137331053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
信息与控制Pub Date : 1984-08-01DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80031-5
Ingo Wegener
{"title":"Optimal decision trees and one-time-only branching programs for symmetric Boolean functions","authors":"Ingo Wegener","doi":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80031-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80031-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Combinational complexity and depth are the most important complexity measures for Boolean functions. It has turned out to be very hard to prove good lower bounds on the combinational complexity or the depth of explicitly defined Boolean functions. Therefore one has restricted oneself to models where nontrivial lower bounds are easier to prove. Here decision trees, branching programs, and one-time-only branching programs are considered, where each variable may be tested on each path of computation only once. Efficient algorithms for the construction of optimal decision trees and optimal one-time-only branching programs for symmetric Boolean functions are presented. Furthermore, the following trade-off results are proved. An exponential lower bound on the decision tree complexity of some Boolean function is shown having linear formula size and linear one-time-only branching program complexity. Furthermore, a quadratic lower bound on the one-time-only branching program complexity of some Boolean function is shown having linear combinational complexity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38164,"journal":{"name":"信息与控制","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 129-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80031-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91385369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
信息与控制Pub Date : 1984-08-01DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80029-7
Richard E. Ladner , Larry J. Stockmeyer, Richard J. Lipton
{"title":"Alternation bounded auxiliary pushdown automata","authors":"Richard E. Ladner , Larry J. Stockmeyer, Richard J. Lipton","doi":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80029-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80029-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Languages accepted by alternating auxiliary pushdown automata using simultaneously <em>a</em>(<em>n</em>) alternations and <em>s</em>(<em>n</em>) space are shown to be members of the class of languages accepted by nondeterministic Turing machines using <em>a</em>(<em>n</em>) 2<sup><em>es</em>(<em>n</em>)</sup> space for some <em>c</em> > 0. This result is used to show that the hierarchy of classes of languages accepted by pushdown automata based on the number of alternations collapses at the second level of the hierarchy. The power of alternation bounded pushdown automata without auxiliary storage is also investigated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38164,"journal":{"name":"信息与控制","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 93-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80029-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78329882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
信息与控制Pub Date : 1984-08-01DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80032-7
Michael G. Main, David B. Benson
{"title":"Functional behavior of nondeterministic and concurrent programs","authors":"Michael G. Main, David B. Benson","doi":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80032-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80032-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The functions behavior of a deterministic program segment is a function <em>f</em>:<em>D</em>→<em>D</em>, where <em>D</em> is some set of states for the computation. This notion of functional behavior can be extended to nondeterministic and concurrent programs using techniques from linear algebra. In particular, the functional behavior of a nondeterministic program segment is a linear transformation <em>f</em>:<em>A</em>→<em>A</em>, where <em>A</em> is a free semiring module. Other notions from linear algebra carry over into this setting. For example, weakest preconditions and predicate transformers correspond to well-studied concepts in linear algebra. Using multilinear algebra, programs with tuples of inputs and outputs can be handled. For nondeterministic concurrent programs, the functional behavior is a linear transformation <em>f</em>:<em>A</em>→<em>A</em>, where <em>A</em> is a free semiring algebra. In this case, <em>f may</em> also be an algebra morphism, which indicates that the program involves no interprocess communication. Finally, a model of syntax for programs is studied whose semantics is given using linear algebra. It is shown that in this model, free interpretations (essentially Herbrand universes) do not generally exist.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38164,"journal":{"name":"信息与控制","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 144-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80032-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89890409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
信息与控制Pub Date : 1984-07-01DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80008-X
Yair Itzhaik, Amiram Yehudai
{"title":"An intermediate machine technique for deciding equivalence between a DPDA and a linear DPDA","authors":"Yair Itzhaik, Amiram Yehudai","doi":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80008-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80008-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A simple technique for deciding equivalence of two dpda's from different classes is presented by constructing an intermediate machine and checking it against each of the original machines. Using this technique, a simple algorithm is found for deciding equivalence of two dpda's, one of which is 1-turn. This algorithm may be contrasted with the more general but much more complicated algorithms presented by Greibach and Friedman and by Oyamaguchi, Inagaki, and Honda.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38164,"journal":{"name":"信息与控制","volume":"62 1","pages":"Pages 26-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80008-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78005079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
信息与控制Pub Date : 1984-07-01DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80007-8
H.A.G. Wijshoff, J. van Leeuwen
{"title":"Arbitrary versus periodic storage schemes and tessellations of the plane using one type of polyomino","authors":"H.A.G. Wijshoff, J. van Leeuwen","doi":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80007-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80007-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Given <em>N</em> distinct memory modules, the elements of an (infinite) array in storage are distributed such that any set of <em>N</em> elements arranged according to a given data template <em>T</em> can be accessed rapidly in parallel. Array embeddings that allow for this are called skewing schemes and have been studied in connection with vector processing and SIMD machines. In 1975 Shapiro (<em>IEEE Trans. Comput.</em> <strong>C-27</strong> (1978), 421–428) proved that there exists a valid skewing scheme for a template <em>T</em> if and only if <em>T</em> tessellates the plane. A conjecture of Shapiro is settled and it is proved that for polyominos <em>P</em> a valid skewing scheme exists if and only if there exists a valid periodic skewing scheme. (Periodicity implies a rapid technique to locate data elements.) The proof shows that when a polyomino <em>P</em> tessellates the plane without rotations or reflections, then it can tessellate the plane periodically, i.e., with the instances of <em>P</em> arranged in a lattice. It is also proved that there is a polynomial time algorithm to decide whether a polyomino tessellates the plane, assuming the polyominos in the tessellation should all have an equal orientation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38164,"journal":{"name":"信息与控制","volume":"62 1","pages":"Pages 1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80007-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78949008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
信息与控制Pub Date : 1984-07-01DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80009-1
Paola Giannini, Giuseppe Longo
{"title":"Effectively given domains and lambda-calculus models","authors":"Paola Giannini, Giuseppe Longo","doi":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80009-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80009-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The syntax of a formal language is effectively given. This is not immediately so for the semantics. This paper deals with the simple but sufficiently powerful applicative language (<em>λ</em>-calculus) and studies effectiveness properties of its semantics. In particular it analyses the effectiveness of the interpretation of <em>λ</em>-terms as well as different notions of computability over models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38164,"journal":{"name":"信息与控制","volume":"62 1","pages":"Pages 36-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0019-9958(84)80009-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75837439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}