Learning: Principles and Applications最新文献

Theories of Pavlovian Conditioning 巴甫洛夫条件反射理论

Learning: Principles and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4135/9781071872505.n4

{"title":"Theories of Pavlovian Conditioning","authors":"","doi":"10.4135/9781071872505.n4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071872505.n4","url":null,"abstract":"Clarence started dating Felicia several months ago. Their very different personalities— Clarence is quiet and shy, and Felicia is outgoing and social—did not keep them from becoming close. Felicia introduced Clarence to a social life he had never before experienced; they enjoyed romantic dinners and exciting parties. Felicia was an excellent dancer, which made dancing fun. However, Clarence was not used to partying late. He had to get up early for work and felt drained the entire day after a late night out. The late nights did not seem to bother Felicia, and she was wide awake the next day, even with only a few hours of sleep. Last month, Felicia started to drink a lot of alcohol. Clarence rarely drinks more than a beer or two, and he was quite concerned about Felicia’s drinking. She called him a “lightweight” for only having one or two drinks. Clarence did not mind the teasing, but he really did not want to drink much. He thought he was in love with Felicia; however, he was troubled by some of her actions toward him. The last several times they were out, Felicia became angry and verbally abusive to him for no apparent reason. The verbal comments were very harsh, and Clarence was hurt. The next day, Felicia apologized for her behavior and promised not to be nasty again. Yet the next time they went out, Felicia again became angry and abusive. Clarence could not figure out why she became hostile, and he considered breaking off their relationship. He mentioned his concerns to his friend Jared. To Clarence’s surprise, Jared said he knew why Felicia became hostile: The alcohol was to blame. Jared also said he felt frightened when Felicia started to drink. Clarence was not sure that Jared was right, but he decided he would pay close attention to the amount Felicia drank and whether she became hostile afterward. He was hopeful that this was the reason for her hostility, but he was not sure what he would do if it was.","PeriodicalId":381363,"journal":{"name":"Learning: Principles and Applications","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116876992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognitive Control of Behavior 行为的认知控制

Learning: Principles and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4135/9781071872505.n11

引用次数: 0

Principles and Applications of Appetitive Conditioning 食欲调节的原理和应用

Learning: Principles and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4135/9781071872505.n5

引用次数: 0

Memory retrieval and forgetting 记忆提取与遗忘

Learning: Principles and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4135/9781071872505.n13

引用次数: 0

Traditional Learning Theories 传统学习理论

Learning: Principles and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4135/9781071872505.n9

引用次数: 5

Biological Influences on Learning 生物学对学习的影响

Learning: Principles and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4135/9781071872505.n8

引用次数: 0

An Introduction to Learning 学习导论

Learning: Principles and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4135/9781071872505.n1

T. Gureckis

引用次数: 0

The Modification of Instinctive Behavior 本能行为的修正

Learning: Principles and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4135/9781071872505.n2

D. You

{"title":"The Modification of Instinctive Behavior","authors":"D. You","doi":"10.4135/9781071872505.n2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071872505.n2","url":null,"abstract":"For two days, Greg has resisted his urge to smoke. Having attempted to quit on more occasions than he can count, he’s determined not to let his extreme nervousness and irritability keep him from succeeding this time. His family tries to distract his thoughts from cigarettes, but these attempts work only temporarily. Anticipating tonight’s televised championship boxing match helped him for a while, but even this cannot prevent his recurrent, intense impulses to smoke. Greg began smoking cigarettes when he was 15. All his friends smoked, so it seemed like the natural thing to do. At first, he did not like to smoke; it made him cough and sometimes feel slightly nauseated. Greg smoked only with his friends to feel part of the group, and he pretended to inhale. However, as the unpleasant effects began to disappear, he learned to inhale and began to smoke more. By the age of 18, Greg smoked two to three packs of cigarettes each day. He never thought about stopping until he met Paula. A nonsmoker, she tried to convince him to quit. Finding himself unable to completely break his habit, he simply did not smoke while with Paula. After they married, Paula continued to plead with Greg to stop smoking. He has tried every now and then over the past 10 years to resist cigarettes, usually avoiding his habit for a day or two. This time has to be different. At age 35, Greg felt himself in perfect health, but a routine checkup with the family physician two days ago proved him wrong. Greg learned that his extremely high blood pressure makes him a prime candidate for a heart attack. The doctor told Greg that he must lower his blood pressure through special diet, medication, and not smoking. Continued smoking would undoubtedly interfere with the other treatments. The threat of a heart attack frightened Greg; he saw his father suffer the consequences of an attack several years ago. Determined now to quit, he only hopes he can endure his withdrawal symptoms.","PeriodicalId":381363,"journal":{"name":"Learning: Principles and Applications","volume":"272 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123081365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Stimulus Control of Behavior 行为的刺激控制

Learning: Principles and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4135/9781071872505.n10

H. Rodewald

引用次数: 2

Principles and Applications of Pavlovian Conditioning 巴甫洛夫条件反射的原理和应用

Learning: Principles and Applications Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4135/9781071872505.n3

A. Fear

{"title":"Principles and Applications of Pavlovian Conditioning","authors":"A. Fear","doi":"10.4135/9781071872505.n3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071872505.n3","url":null,"abstract":"Juliette is an attorney for a prestigious law firm. Although her coworkers often ask her to socialize after work, Juliette always rejects their requests; instead, driving home, she proceeds hurriedly from her car to her apartment. Once inside, Juliette locks the door and refuses to leave until the next morning. On weekends, Juliette will shop with her sister, who lives with their parents several blocks away. However, once darkness approaches, Juliette compulsively returns to her apartment. Although her sister, her parents, or close friends sometimes visit during the evening, Juliette refuses any of their invitations to go out after dark. Several men—all seemingly pleasant, sociable, and handsome—have asked Juliette for dates during the past year. Juliette has desperately wanted to socialize with them, yet she has been unable to accept any of their invitations. Juliette’s fear of going out at night and her inability to accept dates began thirteen months ago. She had dined with her parents at their home and had left about 9:30 p.m. Since it was a pleasant fall evening, she decided to walk the several blocks to her apartment. Within a block of her apartment, a man grabbed her, dragging her to a nearby alley. The man kicked her several times before running away upon hearing another person approach. Since Juliette did not see her assailant, the police doubted they could apprehend him. The few friends and relatives whom Juliette told about the attack tried to support her; yet, she found no solace. Juliette still has nightmares about the attack and often wakes up terrified. On the few occasions after the attack that Juliette did go out after dark, she felt very uncomfortable and had to return home. She has become fearful even thinking about having to go out at night and arranges her schedule so she is home before dark. Juliette wants to overcome her fears, but she does not know how to do it.","PeriodicalId":381363,"journal":{"name":"Learning: Principles and Applications","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131407774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0