International Journal of Epilepsy最新文献

{"title":"Message","authors":"Dr. Sanjib Sinha","doi":"10.1055/s-0040-1716600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716600","url":null,"abstract":"Let X = {X1, X2, ..., XN} be a random vector that follows multivariate Gaussian distribution, i.e., X ∼ N (μ,Σ). Directly sampling from the multivariate Gaussian distribution may be challenging. This challenge can be mitigated with the re-parameterization trick. Let Z be a random vector that follows the standard multivariate Gaussian distribution, i.e., Z ∼ N (0, I), where I is the identity covariance matrix. We can easily prove that x = Lz +μ, where L is the lower triangle matrix resulted from Cholesky decomposition of Σ, i.e., Σ = LL . As Z follows standard multivariate Gaussian distribution, we can sample each element of Z independently, yielding a sample zs, based on which we obtain the corresponding sample for X as xs = Lzs + μ.","PeriodicalId":38086,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Epilepsy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0040-1716600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45542007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Refractory Epilepsy","authors":"Rajveer Singh, K. Chakravarty, Jitupam Baishya, M. Goyal, P. Kharbanda","doi":"10.1055/s-0040-1712777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712777","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Drug refractory epilepsy, defined as a failure of adequate trials of two (or more) tolerated, appropriately chosen, and appropriately used antiepileptic drug (AED) regimens (whether administered as monotherapies or in combination) to achieve freedom from seizures, affects approximately 30% of patients with new-onset epilepsy. Persistent epileptic seizures in these patients, in addition to having deleterious effects on health, are also associated with psychosocial, behavioral, cognitive, and financial consequences. Despite availability of several new drugs, response to therapy remains poor in most of drug refractory cases. Also despite several ongoing treatment trials, ideal combination of AEDs remains to be identified. Careful attention to ruling out alternative diagnoses, optimal selection of AEDs, rational use of combination therapy, as well as attention to patient-specific factors, such as poor compliance and drug abuse, remain cornerstone of therapy. In view of poor response to polytherapy, if possible, surgical intervention should be contemplated early. In future, development of new drugs with better efficacy and tolerability and minimal drug interactions, as well as better nonpharmacological therapeutic techniques, will help in managing these patients better.","PeriodicalId":38086,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Epilepsy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0040-1712777","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41601540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Infantile Spasms: An Updated Review","authors":"M. Iype, K. Koshy","doi":"10.1055/s-0040-1708562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708562","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Infantile spasms remain the most challenging of the epileptic encephalopathies of childhood. Infantile spasms are classified as an epileptic encephalopathy, as the adverse cognitive and behavioral burden of the condition is out of proportion to the burden one would expect from the underlying etiology or the accompanying magnetic resonance imaging. The ictal and interictal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity is presumed to contribute to the progressive cerebral dysfunction. In many of these children, the underlying etiology also contributes to the severe mental subnormality and autistic behavior. Though it is the syndromic approach that guides the pediatric epileptologist, it is best to keep in mind that one syndrome may evolve into another in infancy and early childhood. A baby with Ohtahara syndrome may, after 2 to 7 months, begin to have spasms. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with its typical seizure types and EEG may evolve in a child with infantile spasms. The unique modalities used in the treatment of infantile spasms make early recognition important. It is, however, also of paramount importance to make an etiological diagnosis as the underlying etiology may be eminently treatable. The treating physician cannot abandon them as wholly “intractable” epilepsy. The excellent response to treatment in the few who just cannot be defined or accurately predicted drives the physician to exercise his brain. Use of the two well-accepted modalities of treatment; vigabatrin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone singly or in combination, oral steroids in high dose, ketogenic diet, the conventional antiepileptic medications, and strategies to target the basic cause have been tried out by various clinicians. Here, we have made an attempt to collate evidence and describe the progress in the management of infantile spasms.","PeriodicalId":38086,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Epilepsy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0040-1708562","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48492923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Antiseizure Activity of Aryl Acetic Acid Compounds in Wistar Albino Rats by using PTZ and MES Tests","authors":"C. D., Karamthoti B., Kurra B.","doi":"10.1055/s-0039-1694877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694877","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38086,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Epilepsy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0039-1694877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58113060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Startle-Type Epileptic Seizures using Machine Learning Technique","authors":"Pushpa Balakrishnan, S. Hemalatha, Dinesh Nayak Shroff Keshav","doi":"10.1055/s-0039-1693072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693072","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by seizures and can lead to life-threatening consequences. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a diagnostic test used to analyze brain activity in various neurological conditions including epilepsy and interpreted by the clinician for appropriate diagnosis. However, the process of EEG analysis for diagnosis can be automated using machine learning algorithms (MLAs) to aid the clinician. The objective of the study was to test different algorithms that could be used for the detection of seizures. Materials and Methods Video EEG (vEEG) was collected from subjects diagnosed to have episodes of seizures. The epilepsy dataset thus obtained was subjected to empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the signal was decomposed into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The first five levels of decomposition were considered for analysis as per the established protocol. Statistical features such as interquartile range (IQR), entropy, and mean absolute deviation (MAD) were extracted from these IMFs. Results In this study, different MLAs such as nearest neighbor (NN), naïve Bayes (NB), and support vector machines (SVMs) were used to distinguish between normal (interictal) and abnormal (ictal) states. The demonstrated accuracy rates were 97.32% for NN, 99.02% for NB, and 93.75% for SVM. Conclusion Based on this accuracy and sensitivity, it may be posited that the NB classifier provides significantly better results for the detection of abnormal signals indicating that MLA can detect the seizure with better accuracy.","PeriodicalId":38086,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Epilepsy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0039-1693072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48808807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Staged Epidemiological Survey of Pediatric Epilepsy in a Rural Suburb of Pune","authors":"E. Agarwal, S. Rajadhyaksha, K. Srivastava, V. Kulkarni","doi":"10.1055/s-0039-1694857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694857","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38086,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Epilepsy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0039-1694857","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48482539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Activity of Propranolol by using Electrically Induced Animal Models","authors":"C. D., Karamthoti B., Kurra B.","doi":"10.1055/S-0039-1694876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0039-1694876","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38086,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Epilepsy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/S-0039-1694876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45608834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De Novo Mutations in TUBB2A Cause Infantile-Onset Epilepsy and Mental Retardation and Literature Review","authors":"Shuying Cai, Jinliang Li, Ye Wu, Yuwu Jiang","doi":"10.1055/S-0039-1694896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0039-1694896","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38086,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Epilepsy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/S-0039-1694896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42420066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor σ (pPARσ) Agonists and Their Role on Epilepsy-Induced Seizures: An Experimental Evaluative Study","authors":"C. D., Karamthoti B., Kurra B.","doi":"10.1055/s-0039-1694878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694878","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of propranolol in Wistar albino rats by maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure model. study CPCSEA Healthy, adult Wistar albino rats of either sex 180 and 250 g were used for the study. The animals were procured from the central animal house and were acclimatized in the experimental laboratory for 7 days. The study consisted of three groups with six animals in each group. Group I: control (equivalent volume of normal saline, i.p.); group II: diphenylhydantoin (25 mg/kg BW, i.p.); group III: propranolol (i.p.). Anticonvulsant activity in Wistar albino rats was assessed by MES model. The data were expressed as median ± SE. Statistical significance among study groups was carried using Graph Pad Instat Software, by ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Results: In group II (standard) all animals were pro-tected by absence of THLE when compared with group I (control). Group II also exhibited significant decline in scores when compared with control group. Administration of propranolol in groups III also showed significant percent decline in THLE as well as scores when compared with group I. Percent decline in THLE and scores in group III were comparable to the group II. Conclusion: anticonvulsant activity in MES in rats. and test independent variables— tests associates and complex factors impact of on adherence to antiepileptic drugs in in the Methods: The setting of the study was provided by community care trial of home-based care delivered by primary health care workers versus routine clinic-based care. We studied the association between monthly pill counts and self-reported adherence questionnaire score with age, gen-der, religion, ethnic origin, education, occupation, monthly family income, and socioeconomic class. In addition, we cre-ated a dummy variable, which represented baseline scores for each subject. Results: There was considerable inter individual varia-tions on pill count and SRMS score. Overall, lag SRMS, religion, ethnic origin, and monthly family income determined adherence status. A steady increase in the proportion of people with appropriate pill count was observed in the home-based care group but not in the clinic-based care group. Conclusion: adherence varies consider-ably between individuals and is influenced by individual behavior. However, repeated adherence reinforcement by primary health care workers may lead to improvement in adherence.","PeriodicalId":38086,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Epilepsy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0039-1694878","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58113069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of early childhood epilepsy severity scale (E-Chess) in classification and prognostication of children with west syndrome: A study from tertiary care pediatric neurology centre","authors":"S. Mishra, A. Mallick, G. Mohanty, N. Biswal","doi":"10.1055/s-0039-1694895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694895","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38086,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Epilepsy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0039-1694895","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58113095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}