Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice最新文献_第3页

Transactional Cross-Chain Smart Contract Invocations 事务性跨链智能合约调用

Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.1145/3616023

Ghareeb Falazi, Uwe Breitenbücher, F. Leymann, Stefan Schulte, Vladimir Yussupov

{"title":"Transactional Cross-Chain Smart Contract Invocations","authors":"Ghareeb Falazi, Uwe Breitenbücher, F. Leymann, Stefan Schulte, Vladimir Yussupov","doi":"10.1145/3616023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3616023","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchains have become increasingly important in recent years and have expanded their applicability to many domains beyond finance and cryptocurrencies. This adoption has particularly increased with the introduction of smart contracts, which are immutable, user-defined programs directly deployed on blockchain networks. However, many scenarios require business transactions to simultaneously access smart contracts on multiple, possibly heterogeneous blockchain networks while ensuring the atomicity and isolation of these transactions, which is not natively supported by current blockchain systems. Therefore, in this work, we introduce the Transactional Cross-Chain Smart Contract Invocation (TCCSCI) approach that supports such distributed business transactions while ensuring their global atomicity and serializability. The approach introduces the concept of Resource Manager Smart Contracts, and 2PC for Blockchains (2PC4BC), a client-driven Atomic Commit Protocol (ACP) specialized for blockchain-based distributed transactions. We validate our approach using a prototypical implementation, evaluate its introduced overhead, and prove its correctness.","PeriodicalId":380482,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122897989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Local-First Approach for Green Smart Contracts 绿色智能合约的本地优先方法

Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1145/3607196

Q. Stokkink, J. Pouwelse

{"title":"A Local-First Approach for Green Smart Contracts","authors":"Q. Stokkink, J. Pouwelse","doi":"10.1145/3607196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3607196","url":null,"abstract":"Shared code in blockchains, known as smart contracts, stands to replace important parts of our digital governance and financial infrastructure. The permissionless execution of smart contracts is tightly coupled to cryptocurrencies and Proof-of-Work blockchains. As a result, smart contracts inherit the environmental impact of Proof-of-Work blockchains, like its energy consumption, carbon footprint, and electronic waste. The four concepts of relaxed consistency, strong identities, probabilistic consensus, and the use of liabilities instead of assets may change the status quo. This work explores the integration of these concepts to decouple smart contracts from Proof-of-Work blockchains. By means of a local-first approach, that may expose users to inconsistent ephemeral contract states, the architecture of smart contracts can be transformed to become green. Because such contract states may be dropped, we base the interactions between users on liabilities. We propose a novel paradigm for smart contract architectures, named Green Smart Contracts, that is based on a local-first approach. Furthermore, we present and implement a prototype solution for this paradigm. We validate the need for a mechanism to resolve consistency violations by replaying the contract calls of a real smart contract. Our simulation shows that violations occur more often (13% of contract invocations) when using liabilities than when using a traditional blockchain (3% of contract invocations). However, we additionally validate that they can be avoided using a consensus mechanism, and our experiments show that a publish-subscribe messaging pattern uses the fewest messages to do so, though it may not be applicable for use cases that disallow the inherent imbalance in the messaging between peers. Our carbon emission estimation shows that a Green Smart Contract approach lowers carbon emissions by 52.31% when compared to the messaging behavior of a typical peer-to-peer blockchain with 1000 nodes.","PeriodicalId":380482,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124221387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Redactable Distributed Ledgers: A Survey 可读分布式账本:调查

Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1145/3596224

E. Fathalla, Chonggang Wang, Xu Li, Robert Gazda, Hongyi Wu

{"title":"Redactable Distributed Ledgers: A Survey","authors":"E. Fathalla, Chonggang Wang, Xu Li, Robert Gazda, Hongyi Wu","doi":"10.1145/3596224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3596224","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain and distributed ledger technology started as a decentralized infrastructure to enable and manage digital currency like Bitcoin without relying on a central authority. One of the attractive features provided by blockchain technology is its append-only “immutability” feature, which means the stored data cannot be modified or manipulated by any means once it is validated in the blockchain ledger. Such immutability helps traceability, auditing, and non-repudiation, which builds decentralized trust among un-trusted parties. Despite that, immutability if misused could lead to the permanent existence of sensitive information and misinformation in the blockchain. Incidents like broadcasting illegal content have already taken their place in blockchain systems. Such incidents call for prompt solutions for mitigation. One emerging research theme, “redactable distributed ledgers” such as redactable blockchain provides approaches for modifying ledgers with certain controllability. This article aims to survey the current research landscape about redactable distributed ledgers. We will first describe the motivations behind redactable distributed ledgers. Compared to other relevant surveys, we comprehensively summarized and briefly explained the underlying technologies for supporting redactable distributed ledgers. We mainly focused on chameleon hash-based redactable blockchain structure and classifications, with detailed comparisons and illustrations. Further, we tackled new distributed ledger structures, including the new state-of-the-art block matrix structure. Furthermore, new applications that can be enabled by redactable distributed ledgers and future research directions are discussed in detail. This article emphasizes the motivation of utilizing the redactable distributed ledgers in several critical applications to mitigate misuse of immutability features threatening the original known design of distributed ledgers.","PeriodicalId":380482,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128157984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Accelerated Verifiable Fair Digital Exchange 加速可验证的公平数字交换

Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1145/3596448

Prabal Banerjee, Dushyant Behl, Palanivel A. Kodeswaran, Chaitanya Kumar, S. Ruj, Sayandeep Sen, Dhinakaran Vignayamurthy

{"title":"Accelerated Verifiable Fair Digital Exchange","authors":"Prabal Banerjee, Dushyant Behl, Palanivel A. Kodeswaran, Chaitanya Kumar, S. Ruj, Sayandeep Sen, Dhinakaran Vignayamurthy","doi":"10.1145/3596448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3596448","url":null,"abstract":"A Fair Digital Exchange is defined as either all or none of the participants achieving a (predetermined) desirable outcome. This work addresses third party mediated systems for digital content where mutually unknown, and hence non-trusting, buyers, sellers and the mediator (third party) take part in an exchange protocol. We address the lack of guaranteed fairness, as defined above, in the existing platforms for this setting. We present TEDX, a decentralized solution for guaranteed three party fair exchange of digital goods with scalability and support for incremental deployment over the existing (non-fair) platforms. TEDX combines carefully crafted message exchanges with incentive schemes designed to deter malicious behavior. TEDX also leverages ideas from blockchain anchored state-channels to provide trusted execution while minimizing the operational overheads of blockchain.\u0000 We present the design and a security analysis of TEDX to validate the claimed fairness properties. We also present the details of a prototype implementation of TEDX leveraging Hyperledger Fabric and performance evaluation of the same on a realistic testbed spanning five public cloud zones. Our results indicate that TEDX adds only a minimal overhead of 16% while being 46x faster than a naive blockchain solution, thereby demonstrating that TEDX is scalable.","PeriodicalId":380482,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123273668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

InDaMul: Incentivized Data Mules for Opportunistic Networking Through Smart Contracts and Decentralized Systems InDaMul:通过智能合约和分散系统实现机会主义网络的激励数据骡子

Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice Pub Date : 2023-03-18 DOI: 10.1145/3587696

Mirko Zichichi, Luca Serena, S. Ferretti, Gabriele D’angelo

{"title":"InDaMul: Incentivized Data Mules for Opportunistic Networking Through Smart Contracts and Decentralized Systems","authors":"Mirko Zichichi, Luca Serena, S. Ferretti, Gabriele D’angelo","doi":"10.1145/3587696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3587696","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of Internet-of-Things enables the development of smart applications devoted to improving the quality of life in urban and rural areas, thus fostering the creation of smart territories. However, some dislocated areas are underprivileged in providing such services due to the lack, inefficiency, or excessive cost of Internet access. Opportunistic networking techniques might aid in surmounting these problems. In this article, we propose a framework that relies on an untrusted Data Mule to carry data from an offline source to an online destination. In particular, we present a framework that enables the communication between different actors and a reward mechanism using Distributed Ledger Technologies, Smart Contracts, and Decentralized File Storage. The protocol involved in bringing a Client’s message online and getting back a response is thoroughly explained in all its steps and, then discussed on the most important trust and security issues. Finally, we evaluate such a protocol and the whole framework through a series of communication latency tests, an analysis of the Smart Contract usage, and simulations in which buses act as Data Mules. Our results suggest the feasibility of our proposal in a smart territory scenario.","PeriodicalId":380482,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134207257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Data Block Matrix and Hyperledger Implementation: Extending Distributed Ledger Technology for Privacy Requirements 数据块矩阵和超级账本的实现:扩展分布式账本技术的隐私要求

Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1145/3585539

Joshua D. Roberts, J. Defranco, D. R. Kuhn

{"title":"Data Block Matrix and Hyperledger Implementation: Extending Distributed Ledger Technology for Privacy Requirements","authors":"Joshua D. Roberts, J. Defranco, D. R. Kuhn","doi":"10.1145/3585539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3585539","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Distributed ledger technology (DLT), including blockchain, has a number of properties that make it useful for distributed systems. However, the immutability of blockchain and most forms of DLT make it impossible to delete data, as is required for compliance with many privacy rules regarding personally identifiable information. Thus, there is a need for DLT that can provide the integrity-preserving property of DLT while also allowing support for privacy rules. The data block matrix (DBM) is a variant of distributed ledger technology. It provides the integrity assurance of blockchain but allows for controlled revision or deletion of data. This property is essential for using DLT in applications that must guarantee privacy requirements by the deleting of a user's private data at their request. The DBM design solves the blockchain privacy conflict thus expanding the range of blockchain applications by also allowing exception management. It has been implemented and is available (\u0000 https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/redactable-distributed-ledger\u0000 ) as a configurable option for Hyperledger Fabric (HF), with a proof-of-concept application for data sharing in a health care environment. Other potential applications include logistics management and digital currency. This paper will cover the DBM properties and data structure, the DBM implementation in HF, and a use case and application design of the DBM implementation using the pharmaceutical industry supply chain.\u0000","PeriodicalId":380482,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114978127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Compliance Checking of Cloud Providers: Design and Implementation 云提供商的合规性检查:设计和实现

Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1145/3585538

M. Barati, Kwabena Adu-Duodu, O. Rana, G. Aujla, R. Ranjan

{"title":"Compliance Checking of Cloud Providers: Design and Implementation","authors":"M. Barati, Kwabena Adu-Duodu, O. Rana, G. Aujla, R. Ranjan","doi":"10.1145/3585538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3585538","url":null,"abstract":"The recognition of capabilities supplied by cloud systems is presently growing up. Collecting or sharing healthcare data and sensitive information especially during Covid-19 pandemic has motivated organizations and enterprises to leverage the upsides coming from cloud-based applications. However, the privacy of electronic data in such applications remains a significant challenge for cloud vendors to adapt their solutions with existing privacy legislation standards such as general data protection regulation (GDPR). This paper, first, proposes a formal model and verification for data usage requests of providers in a cloud composite service using a model checking tool. A cloud pharmacy scenario is presented to illustrate the connectivity of providers in the composite service and the stream of their requests for both collection and movement of patient data. A set of verification is, then, undertaken over the pharmacy service in accordance with three significant GDPR obligations, namely user consent, data access and data transfer. Following that, the paper designs and implements a cloud container virtualization based on the verified formal model realising GDPR requirements. The container makes use of some enforcement smart contracts to only proceed the providers’ requests, which are compliant with GDPR. Finally, several experiments are provided to investigate the performance of our approach in terms of time, memory and cost.","PeriodicalId":380482,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125787813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Generative Adversarial Networks for Cyber Threat Hunting in Ethereum Blockchain 以太坊区块链中网络威胁搜索的生成对抗网络

Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice Pub Date : 2023-02-24 DOI: 10.1145/3584666

Elnaz Rabieinejad, Abbas Yazdinejad, R. Parizi, A. Dehghantanha

{"title":"Generative Adversarial Networks for Cyber Threat Hunting in Ethereum Blockchain","authors":"Elnaz Rabieinejad, Abbas Yazdinejad, R. Parizi, A. Dehghantanha","doi":"10.1145/3584666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3584666","url":null,"abstract":"Ethereum blockchain has shown great potential in providing the next generation of the decentralized platform beyond crypto payments. Recently, it has attracted researchers and industry players to experiment with developing various Web3 applications for the Internet of Things (IoT), Defi, Metaverse and many more. Although Ethereum provides a secure platform for developing decentralized applications, it is not immune to security risks and has been a victim of numerous cyber attacks. Adversarial attacks are a new cyber threat to systems that have been rising. Adversarial attacks can disrupt and exploit decentralized applications running on the Ethereum platform by creating fake accounts and transactions. Detecting adversarial attacks is challenging because the fake materials (e.g., accounts and transactions) as malicious payloads are similar to benign data. This paper proposes a model using Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) and Deep Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) for cyber threat hunting in the Ethereum blockchain. Firstly, we employ GAN to generate fake transactions using genuine Ethereum transactions as the first phase of the proposed model. Then in the second phase, we utilize bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to identify adversarial transactions in a hunting exercise. The results of the first phase evaluation show that the GAN can generate transactions identical to the actual Ethereum transactions with an accuracy of 82.51%. Also, the results of the second phase show 99.98% accuracy in identifying adversarial transactions.","PeriodicalId":380482,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","volume":"86 20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126288095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance-based Robustness for Mobile Crowdsensing 基于实用拜占庭容错的移动群体感知鲁棒性

Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice Pub Date : 2023-02-02 DOI: 10.1145/3580392

Zhiyan Chen, O. Gul, B. Kantarci

{"title":"Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance-based Robustness for Mobile Crowdsensing","authors":"Zhiyan Chen, O. Gul, B. Kantarci","doi":"10.1145/3580392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3580392","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mobile crowdsensing (MCS) has become a prominent paradigm to collect and share data based on sensing devices with built-in sensors in the Internet of Things (IoT) era. Nevertheless, conventional MCS confronts various security and privacy vulnerabilities in terms of decentralized, openness, and non-dedicated properties. Currently, the submitted tasks are collected and managed conventionally by a centralized MCS platform. A centralized MCS platform is not safe enough to protect and prevent tampering sensing tasks since it confronts the single point of failure which reduces the effectiveness and robustness of MCS system. Meanwhile, fake task attack is a serious threat as it would drain excessive resources from the participant devices and clog the MCS servers to disrupt the services offered by the MCS. In order to address the centralized issue and identify fake tasks, a blockchain-based decentralized MCS is designed. Integration of blockchain into MCS enables a decentralized framework. Moreover, the distributed nature of a blockchain chain prevents sensing tasks from being tampered. The blockchain uses a Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus that can tolerate 1/3 faulty nodes, making the implemented MCS system robust and sturdy. In addition, an ensemble learning approach is deployed in the blockchain for eliminating fake tasks by malicious requesters. The evaluation test is conducted under two different datasets representing a big city and a small one to have an MCS campaign. Numerical results show that the ensemble approach eliminates most of the fake tasks with a detection accuracy of up to 0.99. Furthermore, the ensemble learning-integrated system outperforms individual learner-based centralized systems, and non-fault tolerance systems in terms of Ratio of Legitimate tasks (\u0000 RoLT\u0000 ) saved and Ratio of Fake Tasks (\u0000 RoFT\u0000 ).\u0000 RoFT\u0000 is low to 0.01, and\u0000 RoLT\u0000 is high up to 0.913 via the proposed MCS blockchain-driven framework.\u0000","PeriodicalId":380482,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","volume":"25 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116288830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

A Survey on Cross-chain Technologies 跨链技术综述

Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.1145/3573896

Panpan Han, Zheng Yan, Wenxiu Ding, Zhiguo Wan

{"title":"A Survey on Cross-chain Technologies","authors":"Panpan Han, Zheng Yan, Wenxiu Ding, Zhiguo Wan","doi":"10.1145/3573896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3573896","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain has attracted more and more attention of academia, industry and government in recent decade. Different usage demands have inspired various blockchain designs, forming different blockchain systems, which however leads to information islands. Many cross-chain technologies have been proposed to link different blockchains together and expand the utility of blockchain. Nevertheless, the cross-chain technology is still in its infancy, which faces many problems that retard its wide application, for example, the issues related to security, privacy and effectiveness. In order to further investigate cross-chain technologies, it is essential to understand its current state of arts. Although there are some surveys about cross-chain technologies driven by specific demands, the literature still lacks a comprehensive survey focusing on security, privacy and effectiveness of cross-chain technologies. In this paper, we provide a review on existing cross-chain technologies based on a comprehensive set of criteria on security, privacy and other performance. We first propose a blockchain interoperability architecture for the purpose of analyzing potential threats and problems regarding security, privacy and effectiveness. We then summarize a set of criteria regarding these quality attributes. Next, we comprehensively review the representative works on cross-chain technologies according to a taxonomy based on applied types of techniques and cross-chain purposes. In each work review, we provide a serious discussion on its pros and cons by employing our proposed criteria. Finally, based on our review and analysis, we figure out a number of open issues and step ahead to direct future research directions on cross-chain technologies.","PeriodicalId":380482,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114126205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5