Childhood in the Past最新文献

{"title":"The Archaeology of American Childhood and Adolescence","authors":"Christopher P. Barton","doi":"10.1080/17585716.2020.1738631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2020.1738631","url":null,"abstract":"Children and childhoods have been a neglected topic within historical archaeology, often with a limited or only passing reference to children when a toy is uncovered at a site. However, since the 2000s, the study has started to gain favour in the field as archaeologist’s transition away from simply noting the presence of children into more in-depth discussions of children as social agents. Negotiating the archaeology of children and childhood in America is difficult given the spectrum of definitions, ideologies and social constructs; for example, how does the author define children or childhood? What are the temporal and spatial ranges of the study? And how is the intersectionality of identities such as class, ethnicity, gender, and race addressed by the author? On one hand, the threat is that the author can be overly ambitious and attempt to cover every subtopic, every time period, and every culture, thus presenting the audience with a disjointed bricolage of writing that only touches upon important issues without providing a thorough analysis. On the other hand, the author runs the risk of neglecting the diversity of the past and thus can create a work that homogenizes the study of children and childhood. The key for the scholar is to discuss the heterogeneity and intersectionality of the past while also narrowing the scope of the work into a concise narrative. For the most part, Jane Eva Baxter is able to accomplish this difficult task in her book, The Archaeology of American Childhood and Adolescence. This book is very much a sequel to Baxter’s 2005 book, The Archaeology of Childhood: Children, Gender, and Material Culture, in which she discussed similar topics but without the explicit purview of ‘American Childhood’. While restricting the range of childhood and adolescence to one nation helps to narrow the focus of the book, it also brings up a question: is there a monolithic identity of being American? Baxter attempts to answer this question by stating that,","PeriodicalId":37939,"journal":{"name":"Childhood in the Past","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17585716.2020.1738631","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45296080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children at Work: Looking for Evidence in Past Societies","authors":"Mélie Le Roy, C. Polet","doi":"10.1080/17585716.2019.1638558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638558","url":null,"abstract":"A large part of existing production activities within various past populations, from prehistoric to modern times, is now well known among the scientific community. Activities are one of the main notions that help to characterize past societies. During the Palaeolithic period, we usually refer to hunter-gatherer-forager groups, suggesting that the main activity related to their subsistence consists of hunting, gathering, and foraging. Similarly, for the next period, peoples were designated as farmers-breeders, and their everyday life included farming, breeding, or other similar activities. This concept also applies to more recent populations. One example that we usually talk about is pre-industrial societies, which refers to the period before the industrial revolution that occurred in the West during the first half of the nineteenth century. Regardless of the period, several indicators allow us to define and describe the different chores that were performed in past societies. From the tools to the activity markers on human bones during their lifetime to the production of artefacts, a wide area is open for study and discussion. To date, it has been possible to determine that certain individuals specialized in archery (Thomas 2014) or were part of horse riding populations (Pálfi and Dutour 1996; Baillif-Ducros et al. 2012) based on activity markers. Ceramic workshops can even be identified through specific manufacturers or designs (Murphy and Poblome 2016). Studies have also considered the social structure of these different activities, such as the ‘division of work’ according to gender, as mentioned by Leroi-Gourhan and Brézillon (1973) on the Magdalenian site of Pincevent or by Binford (1991) for the Nunamiut people. The International Labour Organization (2012) defines child labour as: ‘any form of work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, interferes with their schooling and that is harmful to physical and mental development’. This current definition carries a negative connotation that may not have existed in the past. However, we will try to avoid this denomination (except if we refer to the exploitation of children) and instead use the terms ‘activity’ and ‘work’. One may, then, wonder what were children’s roles within group production activities? This issue has rarely been considered for the immature cohort and the importance of the contribution that children of past societies made to the economy is still widely unexplored (Buchet et al. 2006). However, ethnography and history have long established the active participation of children in community work (Wileman 2005; AIDELF 2006). Archaeological evidence exists, such as in a mining network, where children, who are physically smaller, could reach","PeriodicalId":37939,"journal":{"name":"Childhood in the Past","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41487636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In a City of Mills and Canals: Mortality among Pre-teen and Teenage Irish Workers in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Industrial Lowell, Massachusetts","authors":"E. Murphy, C. Donnelly, David McKean","doi":"10.1080/17585716.2019.1638557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638557","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lowell, Massachusetts, is considered as the birthplace of the industrial revolution in the United States. Established in 1822 by a group of Bostonian entrepreneurs, the new textile factories harnessed the Merrimack River to power their waterwheels using a system of canals. This work attracted groups of emigrant Irish workers from Boston, a process that continued into the middle of the century, particularly in the wake of the Great Irish Famine (1845–1852). We are fortunate that two volumes known as The Hanavor Burial Records exist that provide a window into the lives and deaths of the early Irish settlers in Lowell. Some 1450 entries dating to the period between 1849 and 1865 provide details of the occupation of the deceased. This study focuses on Irish pre-teen and teenage workers; their age-at-death profile, the nature of the work they undertook, and the causes of their deaths are examined.","PeriodicalId":37939,"journal":{"name":"Childhood in the Past","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638557","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48202908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children in the mines? Tracing potential childhood labour in salt mines from the Early Iron Age in Hallstatt, Austria","authors":"Doris Pany-Kucera, Anton Kern, H. Reschreiter","doi":"10.1080/17585716.2019.1638554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638554","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The analysis of subadult skeletons from the Iron Age Hallstatt graveyard and archaeological findings from the contemporaneous salt mine close-by, yield promising new insights. The cemetery is located in a barely accessible mountain valley, next to the highly organised Iron Age salt mining manufacture. The way of mining is largely known from finds in the ancient mines, including distinct, repeated tasks for the miners. The finding of small-sized leather shoes and a child's cap in these salt mines posed the question whether children were involved in the mining process. Therefore, the 40 available subadult skeletons were analysed systematically for joint changes maybe related to early workload. Signs of osteoarthritis, on selected joint surfaces of long bones and the vertebrae, high skeletal robusticity, vertebral osteochondritis and compression, and osteochondritis dissecans were among the skeletal lesions observed. The cervical vertebrae and the distal femoral joints were affected to the greatest extent.","PeriodicalId":37939,"journal":{"name":"Childhood in the Past","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44268686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-adult Fracture Patterns in Late and Post-medieval Flanders, a Comparison of a Churchyard and a Church Assemblage","authors":"Katrien Van de Vijver","doi":"10.1080/17585716.2019.1638556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638556","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study of trauma in non-adults (<18 years) from archaeological assemblages is relatively recent, partly because immature bones present distinct injury patterns, while rapid healing and remodelling can erase macroscopic evidence. However, non-adult trauma provides information about age-related differences in risk, and the lifestyles and social roles of immature individuals. This study recorded possible fractures in 135 non-adults from a churchyard and a church assemblage from medieval and post-medieval Flanders, to evaluate the presence of fractures and analyse type, prevalence, age distribution, and socio-economic differences. Eighteen individuals presented lesions, including typical non-adult injuries. Prevalence was generally low , but some trends emerged. The churchyard had a higher prevalence, and these individuals likely had a lower social background compared to the church, suggesting socio-economic differences. In the churchyard assemblage older non-adults showed an increased prevalence, possibly related to occupational risks since many children and particularly adolescents, worked as servants, labourers, or apprentices.","PeriodicalId":37939,"journal":{"name":"Childhood in the Past","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638556","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45482318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Throwing Activities Among Neolithic Populations from the Meuse River Basin (Belgium, 4500–2500 BC) with a Focus on Adolescents","authors":"C. Polet, Merlin Leunda Martiarena, S. Villotte, M. Vercauteren","doi":"10.1080/17585716.2019.1638555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638555","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The anterior band of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) is an important stabilizer for valgus stress at the elbow. When practised intensively and repetitively, activities using overhead throwing motions can injure this ligament and its insertion. If these activities occur when the epiphyses are not yet fully fused, traction forces can result in bony detachments in the area of the MCL insertion. This study was based on commingled graves found in 16 Middle and Late Neolithic caves from Belgium. We recorded the presence of MCL lesions on 196 humeri and studied the relation between lesions, siding, and robusticity. 5.1% of the humeri displayed MCL lesions, which affected only the right robust humeri. Our results suggest a social division in throwing activities in Belgium during the Neolithic. They also suggest that throwing practice started from a young age, which invites us to re-examine the role of teenagers in prehistoric societies.","PeriodicalId":37939,"journal":{"name":"Childhood in the Past","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41440333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Across the Generations: The Old and the Young in Past Societies","authors":"R. Gowland","doi":"10.1080/17585716.2019.1638559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638559","url":null,"abstract":"Initial studies of age in the past focused specifically on childhood to ensure that this hitherto marginalized demographic was made ‘visible’ within the archaeological record. The more holistic con...","PeriodicalId":37939,"journal":{"name":"Childhood in the Past","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638559","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42487634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infancy and Earliest Childhood in the Roman World. ‘A Fragment of Time’","authors":"John Pearce","doi":"10.1080/17585716.2019.1638560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638560","url":null,"abstract":"nants of kinship and grief in the past. Rebay-Salisbury’s chapter also supplies numerous examples of such burials from Bronze Age Austria, with a more specific focus on mother/ child relationships. In addition, she highlights some truly remarkable multiple interments, including the body of a man overlaying three children (DNA results are pending), and the touching burial of two children aged 2 and 6 years, possibly siblings, in an embrace. Inevitably, many of the chapters focus on burial evidence, but a number also incorporate information gleaned from textual sources to aid interpretations. For example, Zoega’s chapter on early Christian household cemeteries from Northern Iceland shows how three-generation households were common. The importance of this lived proximity for the transmission of inter-generational knowledge, experience and familial identity was significant. These cemeteries add another dimension to the Icelandic Sagas which more often present a negative image of old age, with a diminution of power and status. It reminds us that power has different forms. Gallou’s chapter on Minoan and Mycenaean societies of the late Bronze Age Aegean is one of the few that focuses on material rather than skeletal evidence. She provides a rich array of relevant evidence for children and older generations, including artistic depictions of elderly women playing active roles in ritual healing, as well as childcare and funerary preparations. Other chapters from Le Roy and colleagues examine the under-representation and occasional complete absence of children under 5 years from Neolithic burial contexts in France. Denham and colleagues highlight the value of cremated human remains and archival records for understanding age-related burial practice in the Bronze and Iron Age in Norway. Given the focus on skeletal remains throughout the book, it is apt that the final chapter by Maaranen and Buckberry addresses the thorny problem of skeletal age estimation and the tendency for current techniques to under-estimate age-at-death of older people and thus contribute to their invisibility. Overall, this is an excellent book and I highly recommend it. My only minor criticism is that the introduction felt a bit cursory and could have done more to set the scene in terms of current theoretical and methodological approaches to the life course. The book would also have benefited from a concluding chapter to highlight key themes and future directions. The book showcases innovative and creative approaches for exploring hitherto elusive intergenerational relationships in the past. I will leave you with Gallou’s (70) pertinent observation at the end of her excellent chapter: ‘There is no foot too small or too old that it cannot leave an imprint on this world, past and present’.","PeriodicalId":37939,"journal":{"name":"Childhood in the Past","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17585716.2019.1638560","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42746408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Child labour based on dermatoglyphic research of ceramic objects","authors":"P. Blaževičius","doi":"10.1080/17585716.2019.1587914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2019.1587914","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Methods that examine finger and hand prints are still rarely used in the analysis of archaeological artefacts, even though objects made from clay have perfectly preserved traces of their creators, left hundreds or even thousands of years ago. Information coded in these prints can be examined by searching for repetition and distribution of individual or typical characteristics. This article focuses on the breadth of papillary lines and how it changed as the person grew. The prints left on ceramic objects from the thirteenth–eighteenth century layers at Vilnius Castle were examined and children's prints were identified on approximately twenty-five percent of the material with dermatoglyphics. Analysis of the results serves as the basis for assessing the nature and scale of child labour.","PeriodicalId":37939,"journal":{"name":"Childhood in the Past","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17585716.2019.1587914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45508476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical and archaeological perspectives on childhood mortality and morbidity in a henequen hacienda in Yucatán at the turn of the 20th century","authors":"A. Cucina, Héctor Hernández Álvarez","doi":"10.1080/17585716.2019.1587916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2019.1587916","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Workers and their families in haciendas in the Yucatán, Mexico, at the turn of the twentieth century experienced very poor living conditions, characterized by diseases and high infant mortality. The death records for the hacienda San Pedro Cholul stored at the Yucatán State Archive, reports mortality data for people living in the hacienda between 1871 and 1900, including cause of death. Infant mortality for children under two years of age reached 54.5%, while it was 70.2% for children under five years of age. Gastrointestinal disorders, fever, and ‘alferecía’ characterized infant mortality in children aged one year, while diarrhoea and fever mostly affected infants after that age. Male infant mortality predominated over that of females in children less than five years of age but the trend reversed after that age. About one quarter of people died during measles, smallpox and whooping cough epidemics. Harsh living conditions are also suggested from the bottles retrieved during archaeological excavations of the hacienda. Many of these would have contained medical treatments against dysentery, intestinal parasites and malnutrition, and were intended also for infants and children. This combined historical and archaeological investigation provides insights in relation to the morbidity and mortality of the people who both lived at and worked for the henequen haciendas. It also reveals how they tried to counteract the numerous and varied ailments they suffered during their everyday lives.","PeriodicalId":37939,"journal":{"name":"Childhood in the Past","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17585716.2019.1587916","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49640054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}